Type "libido plant for men" and you'll get the same list everywhere: maca, ginseng, tribulus, fenugreek, muira puama, ginger, ashwagandha, shilajit, tongkat ali. What you won't get anywhere is the answer to the only question that matters: for each one, is there a randomized trial in men, what does it measure, and at what dose ?
We did this work plant by plant, retaining only randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews indexed on PubMed. The result comes down to three levels: plants whose trials converge, those with one good isolated trial, and those with none. Two of the best-selling plants are in the third category. And even before getting to the plants, there is one thing that research places at the top and that sales pages place at the bottom, when they mention it at all.
Before the plants: an erectile dysfunction that develops is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (45% additional risk, 55% for heart attack) and often precedes cardiac symptoms by several years. A medical evaluation comes before any purchase.
Level 1, converging trials: tongkat ali (banned in France), fenugreek in extract standardized to 600 mg, ashwagandha KSM-66®. All three act on testosterone, which is not the same as libido. Level 2, one good trial each: tribulus (the only one measuring desire directly), maca (improved desire without hormonal effect), purified shilajit (testosterone), ginseng (effect deemed trivial by Cochrane). Level 3, no trials in monotherapy: muira puama and ginger, despite their presence in almost all formulas on the market, including ours.
What to remember: one plant at the dose from its trial, for 8 to 12 weeks, after ruling out a medical cause. Everything else is marketing.
- What research highlights, and what sellers downplay
- Our method: three questions per plant
- Level 1: plants with converging clinical trials
- Level 2: one good trial, not yet conclusive
- Level 3: no monotherapy trials
- Trial dosages versus sold dosages, including ours
- What works beyond plants
- Frequently Asked Questions
What research highlights, and what sellers downplay
A drop in desire or less reliable erections are almost never an isolated problem. They are symptoms, and research is very clear on what they can indicate:
Men suffering from erectile dysfunction present a 45% increased risk of cardiovascular disease, 50% of coronary heart disease, 55% of heart attack, 36% of stroke, and 25% of all-cause mortality. Erectile dysfunction typically precedes symptomatic cardiovascular disease, opening a window for screening.
Mostafaei H et al., BJU International, 2021. DOI 10.1111/bju.15313
The reason is mechanical: penile arteries have a diameter of one to two millimeters, coronary arteries three to four. When the endothelium degrades, the smallest ones clog first. An erectile problem in a 50-year-old man is, for a cardiologist, information on par with elevated cholesterol.
Desire, meanwhile, follows other logic, but rarely just one cause. The causes any doctor rules out before discussing supplements:
- Low testosterone, which exists and is measured by a simple fasting blood test in the morning. It is far less common than what the "booster" market suggests.
- Medications : antidepressants in the SSRI family, beta-blockers, certain prostate and hair loss treatments, antihistamines. A drop in libido following a new treatment within a few weeks is rarely a coincidence.
- Depression and chronic stress, which cut desire before everything else.
- Sleep : just one week at five hours per night causes a measurable drop in testosterone in young, healthy men.
- Alcohol, excess weight, sedentary lifestyle, which act both on blood vessels and on hormones.
- The relationship itself, which neither a plant nor a medication can treat.
Total testosterone in the morning while fasting (supplemented by free testosterone or SHBG if the result is borderline), fasting blood sugar or HbA1c, lipid panel, blood pressure, review of current medications and mood evaluation. These elements cover the most common hormonal, metabolic and vascular causes. They are done in a single consultation and blood test. It is this step, not the next one, that most often changes the situation.
Our method: three questions per plant
For each plant, we searched PubMed for randomized controlled trials in humans and systematic reviews that compile them. Then we asked three questions, always the same:
| Question | Why it matters |
|---|---|
| Is there a randomized, double-blind trial in humans? | Without a placebo group or randomization, an inert product produces enthusiastic testimonials. This is particularly true for sexuality, where the placebo effect is massive. |
| What exactly does it measure? | Testosterone is not libido. A man with normal testosterone who gains 10% will probably feel nothing. Trials that measure desire, erectile function or satisfaction (IIEF questionnaire) answer the question; those that measure a hormone answer it indirectly. |
| At what dose, in what form, for how long? | A result obtained with 600 mg of standardized extract for 12 weeks says nothing about 150 mg of powder for 10 days. The dose makes the proof. |
This filter eliminates animal studies, cell studies, studies without a control group and testimonials. It therefore eliminates most of what is cited on sales pages. Here is what remains.
Level 1: plants whose trials converge
Tongkat ali (Eurycoma longifolia): the best data, and a ban
Five randomized trials: significant increase in total testosterone in supplemented men (standardized difference 1.35), confirmed in the subgroup of men with hypogonadism.
Leisegang K et al., Medicina, 2022. DOI 10.3390/medicina58081047
105 men aged 50 to 70 with testosterone below 300 ng/dL: significant increase in total testosterone at 200 mg per day from the fourth week, decrease in male aging and fatigue symptom scores, increase in muscle strength. No safety signals.
Chinnappan SM et al., Food and Nutrition Research, 2021. DOI 10.29219/fnr.v65.5647
45 men with age-related androgen deficiency: 200 mg of tongkat ali combined with concurrent training three times per week provided the best improvement in erectile function (IIEF-5) and testosterone. Training alone already improved erectile function.
Leitão AE et al., Maturitas, 2020. DOI 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.12.002
It is the best documented plant on this list, and it is not authorized in dietary supplements in France. We include it because an honest ranking cannot ignore it, and because the latest trial contains a lesson: the group that trained without the plant also progressed. We have a dedicated article on this ban and alternatives.
Fenugreek in standardized extract: testosterone and sexual function, at 600 mg
120 healthy men aged 43 to 70, 600 mg per day of standardized seed extract: significant decrease in male aging symptom score, improvement in sexual function, morning erections, and frequency of intercourse, increase in total and free testosterone compared to placebo.
Rao A et al., The Aging Male, 2016. DOI 10.3109/13685538.2015.1135323
Four randomized trials: fenugreek extract has a significant effect on total serum testosterone in men.
Mansoori A et al., Phytotherapy Research, 2020. DOI 10.1002/ptr.6627
Fenugreek is the plant authorized in France that comes closest to evidence on sexual function itself, since the Rao trial measures morning erections and intercourse frequency, not just the hormone. Two caveats: the trials use a saponin-standardized extract, not whole seed powder, and the total sample size of the four trials remains modest. Our organic fenugreek is a seed powder, an interesting food form but one that does not reproduce the concentration of the tested extract. We state this rather than let you believe otherwise.
Ashwagandha: the largest meta-analysis on the list
1,249 participants: ashwagandha significantly increases testosterone (standardized difference 0.33) and muscle strength (0.58), improves memory, attention and executive functions, with no effect on weight or fat mass. Study quality judged high or moderate for most.
Zhu X et al., Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2026. DOI 10.3389/fphar.2026.1799467
In oligospermic men treated for 90 days: increase in sperm concentration (+167%), volume (+59%), motility (+57%) and testosterone (+17%). The authors emphasize that only one randomized trial is included and that the data, while promising, remain too limited.
Durg S et al., Phytomedicine, 2018. DOI 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.11.011
The effect on testosterone is real, reproducible, and modest (0.33 is a small effect size). Ashwagandha is primarily a plant for stress and sleep, and it likely acts on sexuality through this pathway when it does: by removing a brake rather than pressing on the accelerator. The trials use 600 mg per day of KSM-66® root extract; this is the dose and extract in our Ashwagandha KSM-66®.
Level 2: a good trial, not yet a certainty
Tribulus terrestris: the only trial directly measuring desire
180 men aged 18 to 65 with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction, with or without decreased desire: the IIEF score improved by 2.70 points more than placebo, with a significant difference in intercourse satisfaction (p = 0.0005), orgasmic function (p = 0.03), sexual desire (p = 0.004) and overall satisfaction (p = 0.003). Tolerance identical to placebo.
Kamenov Z et al., Maturitas, 2017. DOI 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.01.011
Ten clinical studies, 483 participants: tribulus at 400 to 750 mg per day improves erectile function in 3 of 5 studies that evaluate it. Eight studies out of ten report no change in androgenic profile. Level of evidence judged weak, no robust proof of a testosterone increase.
Vilar Neto JO et al., Nutrients, 2025. DOI 10.3390/nu17071275
Two lessons to hold together. The first: the Kamenov trial is the only one on this entire page to measure sexual desire directly in solid form, and it is positive. The second: the systematic review that brings together all the evidence judges the level of proof to be weak, because half of the studies are of poor quality and Kamenov remains isolated in his rigor. And a point that the market prefers to keep quiet: tribulus does not increase testosterone in men with normal levels. Its effect, when it exists, works through another pathway, probably via nitric oxide. Anyone selling it to you as a hormonal booster is not reading the studies.
Kamenov's trial used 1,500 mg per day of Tribestan extract, or at least 675 mg of furostanol saponins. Our Tribulus provides 471 mg of extract standardized to 90%, or 424 mg of saponins: within the 400 to 750 mg range of the systematic review, but at approximately 63% of the saponin dose from the reference trial. We place it at the top of this page because it's the plant that answers the question posed, not because the evidence is strong.
Maca: improved desire, without affecting hormones
Men aged 21 to 56, 1,500 or 3,000 mg of gelatinized maca per day: improvement in sexual desire starting from week eight, independent of mood and with no change in testosterone or estradiol.
Gonzales GF et al., Andrologia, 2002. DOI 10.1046/j.1439-0272.2002.00519.x
50 men with mild erectile dysfunction, 2,400 mg of dry extract: IIEF-5 score gain of 1.6 points versus 0.5 under placebo, with improvement in physical and social well-being achieved only by the maca group. Effect described as small but significant.
Zenico T et al., Andrologia, 2009. DOI 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2008.00892.x
Four randomized trials: limited evidence of an effect of maca on sexual function. Number of trials, sample sizes, and methodological quality too limited to draw firm conclusions.
Shin BC et al., BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2010. DOI 10.1186/1472-6882-10-44
Maca is interesting for a reason that few sellers emphasize: it acts on desire without affecting hormones, making it an option for the man whose testosterone is normal, i.e., the majority. Trial doses range from 1.5 to 3 g per day: this is a powder dose, not a single capsule. Our organic maca powder at 3 to 5 g per day covers this range; our capsules at 1.28 g per day are slightly below.
Purified Shilajit: a rigorous trial on testosterone, at the exact dose
Healthy volunteers aged 45 to 55, 250 mg of purified shilajit twice daily: significant increase in total testosterone, free testosterone, and DHEA-S compared to placebo, with LH and FSH levels maintained.
Pandit S et al., Andrologia, 2016. DOI 10.1111/and.12482
This is a rigorous result: strict format, appropriate duration, stable gonadotropin hormones, suggesting an effect on testicular production rather than a disruption of the pituitary axis. Two limitations, which we prefer to state clearly: it is a single trial, and it measures neither desire nor sexual function. The transition from testosterone to libido remains an inference, reasonable in a man whose level is low, much less so in one whose level is normal.
Ginseng: well tolerated, effect deemed trivial
Nine trials, 587 men with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction: ginseng probably has only a trivial effect on erectile function, with a gain of 3.52 points on the erectile domain of the IIEF, below the 4-point threshold considered clinically perceptible. It improves the proportion of men reporting they are able to have intercourse. No trial compares it to PDE5 inhibitors.
Lee HW et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2021. DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD012654.pub2
Ginseng is the most studied plant on the list and the verdict of the best available synthesis is unequivocal: a real effect but so small that the patient probably does not perceive it. The trials use 1 to 3 g per day of root or the equivalent in extract. We have two detailed articles, on ginseng and erectile function and on red ginseng in men, which develop these nuances.
Level 3: no trial in monotherapy
Muira puama and ginger: a reputation, not proof
Muira puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides) is the Amazonian bark found in virtually all "male libido" supplements. We searched for a randomized trial in men evaluating muira puama alone on sexual desire or sexual function. There is none indexed on PubMed. The only human data is a commercial association:
54 men receiving a combination of ginger, muira puama, guarana (500 mg total) and 1,600 mg of L-citrulline. Improvement in erectile score in approximately half of remaining participants. Massive dropout: 32 men at one month, 22 at two months, 16 at three months. The authors themselves call for controlled studies.
Nguyen S et al., Translational Andrology and Urology, 2018. DOI 10.21037/tau.2018.03.22
Three reasons make this study unusable as proof for muira puama or ginger. There is no placebo group, in a field where placebo works miracles. 38 participants out of 54 dropped out, and those remaining at three months are by construction those for whom it worked. And the formula contains 1,600 mg of L-citrulline, a known precursor of nitric oxide and the only component of the combination with a documented mechanism on erectile function: if anything works, it's probably the citrulline. Laboratory work by the same group shows that this combination activates the nitric oxide pathway on cultured cells, which is interesting, but remains a cell culture experiment.
Ginger is in the same situation: animal data, presence in this combination, and no clinical trial in monotherapy on libido or male sexual function. Its aphrodisiac reputation is traditional and culinary. It is not clinical.
Most "male libido" supplements combine muira puama, ginger, tribulus and ginseng at doses shared in a single capsule. Our own formula Male Libido follows this pattern: 300 mg of muira puama, 285 mg of ginger, 285 mg of tribulus and 150 mg of ginseng. In light of the above, two of these four plants have no trial in monotherapy, and the other two are present below the doses from their trials. We don't hide it: this is precisely why this page highlights tribulus alone and shilajit, and not this formula. Its 83 reviews at 4.5 out of 5 are real, and they say what reviews say: satisfaction, not proof.
Trial doses compared to doses sold, including ours
| Plant | Dose and form in trials | What the trial measures | In our range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tribulus | 1,500 mg of extract, at least 675 mg of saponins (Kamenov); 400 to 750 mg in the review | Desire, orgasm, satisfaction, IIEF | 471 mg of extract, 424 mg of saponins: within range, at 63% of Kamenov |
| Shilajit | 500 mg per day of purified extract, 90 days | Total testosterone, free testosterone, DHEA-S | PrimaVie 500 mg: identical dose and extract |
| Ashwagandha | 600 mg per day of KSM-66® root extract | Testosterone, strength, cognition | KSM-66® 660 mg: identical dose and extract |
| Maca | 1,500 to 3,000 mg of gelatinized powder or 2,400 mg of extract | Desire, IIEF-5 | Organic powder 3 to 5 g: within range. Capsules 1.28 g: slightly below |
| Fenugreek | 600 mg of extract standardized in saponins | Testosterone, morning erections, frequency of intercourse | Organic seed powder 3 to 5 g: different form, not comparable to extract |
| Ginseng | 1 to 3 g of root or equivalent extract | IIEF, effect deemed trivial | HRG80 200 mg of concentrated extract; powder 2 g: within lower range |
| Tongkat ali | 200 mg of standardized aqueous extract | Testosterone, IIEF-5 with training | Not marketed: prohibited in France |
| Muira puama | No trial as monotherapy | Nothing measured alone | 300 mg in Libido Homme |
| Ginger | No trial as monotherapy on libido | Nothing measured alone | 285 mg in Libido Homme |
Reading this table gives the rule: one plant at its trial dose is better than five plants at one-third dose. Formulas that stack names do so because each name sells, not because an association has been tested. None has been.
This page ranks muira puama and ginger at zero level even though they are in our own libido formula. It says that tribulus does not increase testosterone and that our dose is at 63% of the reference trial. It says that shilajit did not measure desire. We prefer a reader who buys a plant knowing exactly what it has shown, and who consults first, over a customer convinced by a promise that research does not support.
See Tribulus terrestrisWhat works beyond plants
The group that trained without a plant in the Leitão trial improved their erectile function. This is not a detail: it is proof that the most powerful levers are not in a capsule.
- Physical activity, particularly the combination of strength and endurance three times per week, acts on the endothelium, testosterone, weight, and mood all at once. It is the only lever on this page tested in a six-month randomized trial with a positive result alone.
- Sleep : testosterone is produced at night. Chronic sleep debt lowers it more reliably than any plant raises it.
- Alcohol, a nervous system depressant and hormonal disruptor, whose reduction is often the most visible change.
- Weight : adipose tissue converts testosterone to estrogens. Losing waist circumference is a hormonal strategy.
- Prescription treatments : PDE5 inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy on erectile function that the Cochrane review emphasizes in reverse, as no plant has been compared to them. Genuinely low testosterone can be treated. Depression can be treated.
- The couple : when the cause is relational, neither the plant nor the medication addresses it. Couples therapy or sex therapy can.
Frequently asked questions
The plants
What is the most effective plant for male libido?
No plant has strong evidence on libido itself. The one with the most direct trial is tribulus: a randomized double-blind trial in 180 men measured an improvement in sexual desire, orgasm, and satisfaction compared to placebo. But a 2025 systematic review judges the overall evidence weak. Maca has two positive trials on desire and mild erectile function. The other plants have mainly been studied on testosterone, which is not the same thing.
Does tribulus increase testosterone?
No in men whose testosterone is normal. Of ten clinical studies analyzed in 2025, eight observe no change in androgenic profile. The only two increases concern men in hypogonadism and remain small in magnitude. The effect of tribulus on sexual function, when observed, therefore does not work through testosterone.
Is maca an aphrodisiac?
The data point in that direction, with caution. A 12-week trial at 1.5 or 3 g per day observed an improvement in sexual desire by the eighth week, with no change in testosterone or estradiol. A second trial in 50 men with mild erectile dysfunction showed a modest but significant gain in the IIEF-5 score. The systematic review that brings them together speaks of limited evidence, with sample sizes too small to conclude firmly.
Does ginseng work for erectile function?
Very little. The 2021 Cochrane review, which covers nine trials and 587 men, concludes a trivial effect: the gain on erectile function score remains below the threshold considered perceptible by the patient. Ginseng does improve the proportion of men who report being capable of having intercourse. Tolerability is good. It's not nothing, but it falls far short of the promises.
Does fenugreek really increase testosterone?
Yes, with a standardized extract at 600 mg per day. A 12-week randomized trial in 120 men aged 43 to 70 observed an increase in total and free testosterone, an improvement in male aging symptoms, the number of morning erections, and sexual frequency. A meta-analysis of four trials confirms the effect on total testosterone. Note: these results concern a concentrated seed extract, not whole seed powder.
Does ashwagandha affect libido?
It acts on testosterone, which is documented by a meta-analysis of 20 studies and 1,249 participants published in 2026: a modest but significant increase. It also improves muscle strength and several cognitive functions. On sexual desire itself, direct data are more limited. It is a stress plant before being a libido plant, and part of its value likely comes from there.
What is shilajit worth for testosterone?
A 90-day double-blind randomized trial in men aged 45 to 55, at 250 mg of purified shilajit twice daily, observed a significant increase in total testosterone, free testosterone, and DHEA-S compared to placebo, with stable gonadotropin hormones. It is a clean result, but it is a single trial, and it does not measure sexual function. The transition from testosterone to libido remains an inference.
Why is tongkat ali absent from French shelves?
Because it is not authorized in dietary supplements in France, even though it has the most convergent data on this list: a meta-analysis of five randomized trials shows an increase in testosterone, and a 12-week trial in 105 men aged 50 to 70 with low testosterone confirms the effect at 200 mg per day. We have a dedicated article on this paradox and alternatives.
Does muira puama have studies?
No clinical trial as monotherapy in men is indexed on PubMed. Muira puama appears only in a commercial combination with ginger, guarana, and 1,600 mg of L-citrulline, tested in a pilot study of 54 men without a placebo group or randomization, of which 38 dropped out before three months. And L-citrulline at this dose is a known precursor of nitric oxide, making it impossible to attribute anything to muira puama.
Is ginger aphrodisiac?
In animals, data exist. In humans, we found no clinical trial evaluating ginger alone on libido or sexual function. It appears in the same commercial combination as muira puama, with the same limitations. Its aphrodisiac reputation is traditional, not clinical.
Causes and assessment
Is low libido necessarily hormonal?
No, and it is even rarely the case in isolation. The most frequent causes are chronic stress, lack of sleep, depression, alcohol, certain medications (antidepressants, beta-blockers, prostate treatments), overweight, and relationship difficulties. Low testosterone does exist, but it is measured: a blood test in the morning settles the question with a single blood draw.
Why should erectile dysfunction require a medical consultation?
Because it is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. A review of all published meta-analyses in 2021 quantifies the risk: 45% increased risk of cardiovascular disease, 55% of heart attack, 36% of stroke, and 25% of all-cause mortality in men who suffer from it. The arteries of the penis are thinner than the coronaries: they become blocked first. The disorder often precedes cardiac symptoms by several years.
What assessment should one request from their doctor?
A total testosterone level in the morning while fasting, supplemented by free testosterone or SHBG if the first is borderline, fasting glucose or HbA1c, a lipid panel, and a blood pressure measurement. These four elements cover the most frequent hormonal and vascular causes. The doctor will add an assessment of mood and current medications.
Does exercise affect libido?
Yes, and it is one of the rare levers tested in a randomized trial. In a six-month study in men with age-related androgen deficiency, concurrent training (strength and endurance, three times per week) improved erectile function, with or without an associated plant. Sleep, reduced alcohol consumption, and weight loss act on the same vascular and hormonal mechanisms.
Usage
How long does it take for a plant to work?
In positive trials, 8 to 12 weeks. Maca improves desire from the eighth week onward, tribulus and fenugreek are evaluated at 12 weeks, shilajit at 90 days. No trial shows an effect in just days. A product that promises an immediate effect is not based on any of this data.
Can multiple plants be combined?
Nothing prohibits it, but no combination has been tested in a randomized trial, and formulas that mix four or five plants generally do so at doses far lower than those in individual trials. One plant at the studied dose is more defensible than five plants at one-third the dose each.
Do these plants have side effects?
In the cited trials, tolerance is comparable to placebo for tribulus, maca, ginseng, fenugreek, ashwagandha, and shilajit. Mild digestive disorders remain possible. Ashwagandha is not recommended in cases of unbalanced thyroid disorder and during pregnancy. Fenugreek can alter blood sugar and interact with anticoagulants. Medical advice is necessary in case of ongoing treatment.
Do plants replace sildenafil or tadalafil?
No. No trial compares a plant to a PDE5 inhibitor, and the Cochrane review on ginseng explicitly highlights this. These medications have demonstrated efficacy on erection, by prescription, after an assessment that verifies the absence of cardiac contraindication. Plants operate in another register: desire, vitality, background. Confusing them delays treatment that works.
Glossary
- IIEF and IIEF-5
- International Index of Erectile Function, reference questionnaire with 15 questions (or 5 in its short version) that scores erection, orgasm, desire, and satisfaction. Used in all cited trials.
- Minimally clinically important difference
- The smallest change in score that a patient actually perceives. For the IIEF, approximately 4 points. A statistically significant gain but below this threshold is qualified as trivial.
- Free testosterone
- Fraction of testosterone not bound to transport proteins, the only one biologically active. It can be low while the total is normal.
- SHBG
- Protein that transports testosterone in the blood. The higher it is, the less testosterone remains free.
- Hypogonadism
- Insufficient testosterone production by the testes, confirmed by at least two low morning blood tests, with symptoms present.
- Saponins
- Active compounds in tribulus and fenugreek on which extracts are standardized. The saponin dose, not the plant dose, is what is compared between a product and a clinical trial.
- Nitric Oxide
- Molecule that dilates blood vessels and triggers erection. It is the target of PDE5 inhibitors and the proposed mechanism of L-citrulline.
- Umbrella Review
- A review that synthesizes not individual trials but all existing meta-analyses on a question. The highest level of evidence synthesis.
Sources
- Mostafaei H, Mori K, Hajebrahimi S et al. Association of erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BJU Int. 2021;128(1):3-11. doi.org/10.1111/bju.15313
- Kamenov Z, Fileva S, Kalinov K, Jannini EA. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Tribulus terrestris in male sexual dysfunction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Maturitas. 2017;99:20-26. doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.01.011
- Vilar Neto JO, de Moraes WMAM, Pinto DV et al. Effects of Tribulus terrestris supplementation on erectile dysfunction and testosterone levels in men: a systematic review of clinical trials. Nutrients. 2025;17(7):1275. doi.org/10.3390/nu17071275
- Gonzales GF, Córdova A, Vega K et al. Effect of Lepidium meyenii (maca) on sexual desire and its absent relationship with serum testosterone levels in adult healthy men. Andrologia. 2002;34(6):367-372. doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0272.2002.00519.x
- Zenico T, Cicero AFG, Valmorri L, Mercuriali M, Bercovich E. Subjective effects of Lepidium meyenii (maca) extract on well-being and sexual performances in patients with mild erectile dysfunction: a randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Andrologia. 2009;41(2):95-99. doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2008.00892.x
- Shin BC, Lee MS, Yang EJ, Lim HS, Ernst E. Maca (L. meyenii) for improving sexual function: a systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010;10:44. doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-10-44
- Lee HW, Lee MS, Kim TH et al. Ginseng for erectile dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;4(4):CD012654. doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012654.pub2
- Rao A, Steels E, Inder WJ, Abraham S, Vitetta L. Testofen, a specialised Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract reduces age-related symptoms of androgen decrease, increases testosterone levels and improves sexual function in healthy aging males in a double-blind randomised clinical study. Aging Male. 2016;19(2):134-142. doi.org/10.3109/13685538.2015.1135323
- Mansoori A, Hosseini S, Zilaee M, Hormoznejad R, Fathi M. Effect of fenugreek extract supplement on testosterone levels in male: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Phytother Res. 2020;34(7):1550-1555. doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6627
- Zhu X, Zeng Q, Lei Y, Xu D. Effects of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) on cognitive and physical function in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2026;17:1799467. doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1799467
- Durg S, Shivaram SB, Bavage S. Withania somnifera (Indian ginseng) in male infertility: an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytomedicine. 2018;50:247-256. doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2017.11.011
- Pandit S, Biswas S, Jana U, De RK, Mukhopadhyay SC, Biswas TK. Clinical evaluation of purified shilajit on testosterone levels in healthy volunteers. Andrologia. 2016;48(5):570-575. doi.org/10.1111/and.12482
- Leisegang K, Finelli R, Sikka SC, Panner Selvam MK. Eurycoma longifolia (Jack) improves serum total testosterone in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Medicina. 2022;58(8):1047. doi.org/10.3390/medicina58081047
- Chinnappan SM, George A, Pandey P, Narke G, Choudhary YK. Effect of Eurycoma longifolia standardised aqueous root extract (Physta) on testosterone levels and quality of life in ageing male subjects: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study. Food Nutr Res. 2021;65. doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v65.5647
- Leitão AE, Vieira MCS, Pelegrini A, da Silva EL, Guimarães ACA. A 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to evaluate the effect of Eurycoma longifolia (tongkat ali) and concurrent training on erectile function and testosterone levels in androgen deficiency of aging males. Maturitas. 2021;145:78-85. doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.12.002
- Nguyen S, Rajfer J, Shaheen M. Safety and efficacy of daily Revactin in men with erectile dysfunction: a 3-month pilot study. Transl Androl Urol. 2018;7(2):266-273. doi.org/10.21037/tau.2018.03.22
- Ferrini MG, Abraham A, Graciano L et al. Activation of the iNOS/NO/cGMP pathway by Revactin in human corporal smooth muscle cells. Transl Androl Urol. 2021;10(7):2889-2898. doi.org/10.21037/tau-21-11
