A spoon, two capsules, a gram of powder: behind the question "how much black seed oil per day?", clinical trials give very different answers. A 2025 meta-analysis identified 82 studies in humans focused on cardiovascular risk factors, with intakes ranging from 200 to 4,600 mg per day and durations of 1 to 48 weeks. Therefore, there is no single dosage, but rather a range of tested doses.
This guide brings together what the studies identified via PubMed show, from doses to precautions, and concludes with a practical protocol presented as advice.
Trial doses : in oil, from 250 mg twice daily in capsules to 2.5 ml three times daily by spoon, or 0.5 g to 7.5 ml per day, most often 1 to 2 g in capsules or 5 ml by spoon; in seed powder, from 0.5 to 3 g per day in multi-week trials, most often 2 g; higher amounts were given for only a few days. In dose-escalation trials, 3 g of powder did not perform better than 2 g. Durations range from a few days to one year.
On an empty stomach, duration, precautions : no human trial compared fasting intake and intake with meals; several protocols gave black seed after meals. One teaspoon represents approximately 5 ml, or about 4.5 g of oil according to our rough calculation. Drug interactions have been observed: medical advice is necessary if taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication, during pregnancy or breastfeeding, and for children.
- What trials call a dose
- Black seed oil: doses tested in humans
- Seed powder: 1 to 3 g, and more is not better
- Teaspoon, milliliters and grams
- Oil by spoon or capsules?
- On an empty stomach or during meals?
- How long, and should you take breaks?
- With honey
- External use: skin and scalp
- Storage and oxidation
- Who should abstain, and interactions
- The practical protocol
- Frequently Asked Questions
What the trials call a dose
Black seed (Nigella sativa), also called black cumin, is consumed in three forms in studies: theoil obtained by pressing the seeds, taken by spoon or in capsules; the seed powder made from whole ground seeds, most often in 500 mg capsules; and extracts, sometimes standardized to thymoquinone, the most studied compound in the plant. Two grams of oil and two grams of ground seeds are not the same thing: the seed also contains fiber and protein. A result obtained with one form does not transfer to another.
A meta-analysis published in 2025 brought together 82 studies devoted to cardiovascular risk factors, conducted between 2008 and 2024 in 5,026 participants. Intakes ranged from 200 to 4,600 mg per day, for durations of 1 to 48 weeks, and the authors describe improvements in numerous cardiovascular risk markers. Another meta-analysis, focused on 31 trials and 2,145 people with metabolic diseases, reports modest effects, for example −1.59 kg of weight and −3.25 mmHg of systolic pressure, with no effect on insulin resistance or waist circumference; its authors call for caution due to the variable quality of studies.
Many of these trials are small, short, sometimes unblinded, with poorly described oil or powder. However, an analysis of 16 trials in people with type 2 diabetes provides a useful benchmark: the decrease in fasting blood glucose was significant in trials lasting more than 8 weeks, and certain effects, on glycated hemoglobin and LDL, in subgroups receiving more than 1 g per day or oil.
Black seed oil: doses tested in humans
Trials on oil fall into two families. The first expresses the dose in grams, most often in capsules. In 80 asthmatic people, a 500 mg capsule of oil twice daily for 4 weeks improved asthma control score (21.1 versus 19.6 under placebo) and reduced blood eosinophils. In 43 people with type 2 diabetes, two 500 mg capsules of an oily extract daily for 8 weeks lowered fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and LDL compared to sunflower oil. At 2 g of oil per day for 8 weeks, in 60 coronary patients, weight decreased by 1.82 kg and systolic pressure by 9.52 mmHg compared to placebo; in 39 overweight women, in a crossover trial with the same dose, HDL cholesterol increased and LDL decreased, with no effect on diastolic pressure.
The second family gives the oil by spoon, in milliliters. The dose that appears most frequently is 2.5 ml twice per day, or 5 ml per day: in hypertensive people for 8 weeks, as a supplement to their treatment, with a decrease in systolic pressure compared to placebo oil; in 68 infertile men for 2 months, with improved sperm parameters; in 120 people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease for 3 months, with a decrease in transaminases (ALT −32.6%, versus −14.2% under placebo). No adverse effects were reported. The highest dose found was 2.5 ml three times per day.
In 116 people aged 50 to 70 suffering from knee osteoarthritis, 2.5 ml of black seed oil orally every 8 hours for one month reduced pain by 33.96%, versus 9.21% under placebo, and functional score by 27.72%, versus 1.34%. Patients took less paracetamol, no adverse effects were reported, and the oil did not alter blood count or liver and kidney markers.
Huseini HF, Mohtashami R, Sadeghzadeh E, et al. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2022;49:101666. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101666
| Form and dose per day | Population and duration | Study |
|---|---|---|
| Oil in capsules, 500 mg twice daily | 80 asthmatic adults, 4 weeks | Koshak, 2017 |
| Oil extract in capsules, 2 x 500 mg | 43 adults with type 2 diabetes, 8 weeks | Hadi, 2021 |
| Oil, 2 g | 60 coronary patients, 8 weeks | Tavakoli-Rouzbehani, 2021 |
| Oil, 2.5 ml twice daily | Hypertensive adults, 8 weeks | Shoaei-Hagh, 2021 |
| Oil, 2.5 ml every 12 hours | 120 adults with hepatic steatosis, 3 months | Khonche, 2019 |
| Oil, 2.5 ml every 8 hours | 116 adults aged 50-70 years, knee osteoarthritis, 1 month | Huseini, 2022 |
| Seed powder, 1, 2 or 3 g | 94 adults with type 2 diabetes, 12 weeks | Kaatabi, 2012 |
| Seed powder, 2 g | 114 adults with type 2 diabetes, 1 year | Kaatabi, 2015 |
Each result applies to the oil, dose, and population of its trial; our article on the benefits of black seed oil details them.
Seed powder: 1 to 3 g, and more is not better
Ground seeds were studied mainly in Saudi Arabia, by the same research team, using 500 mg capsules of ground seeds, at multiple doses.
In 94 people with type 2 diabetes, 1, 2, or 3 g of ground black seed per day for 12 weeks, in addition to their treatment: at 2 g, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL decreased; at 1 g, changes were not significant; at 3 g, the effect did not exceed that of 2 g. No participant had to stop due to adverse effects.
Kaatabi H, Bamosa AO, Lebda FM, et al. J Family Community Med 2012;19(3):155-161. DOI: 10.4103/2230-8229.102311
The same profile appears elsewhere. In 88 adults carrying Helicobacter pylori, 1, 2, or 3 g of seeds per day for 4 weeks, combined with an antacid medication, led to bacterial eradication in 47.6%, 66.7%, and 47.8% of patients, compared to 82.6% with standard triple antibiotic therapy; only the 2 g dose did not differ statistically from triple therapy, in an open trial, thus without blinding. In 52 healthy young volunteers, 0.5, 1, or 2 g of powder for 4 weeks: only the 1 g dose increased helper T lymphocytes, an effect lost at 2 g, with no adverse effects or abnormalities in liver and kidney tests.
In adults with poorly controlled asthma, 1 and 2 g per day for 3 months, in addition to inhaled treatment, improved certain respiratory parameters, some at 2 g only, others, such as attack frequency, only at 1 g, with no reported adverse effects. Over one year, 2 g per day in 114 people with type 2 diabetes reduced glycated hemoglobin from 8.6 to 8.2%, compared to 8.2 to 8.5% in the control group; the difference between groups was significant at 6 and 9 months, but not at 12 months, in a single-blind trial whose group allocation is described contradictorily.
For seeds in cooking, see our guide to consuming black seeds. Our organic black seed powder is made from ground organic black seeds; the cited trials used capsules of ground seeds, and their results do not apply to our powder.
Teaspoon, milliliters, and grams
No study identified in PubMed provides the density of black seed oil: the correspondence that follows is therefore an approximate calculation on our part. A level teaspoon contains approximately 5 ml; a vegetable oil weighs slightly less than water, around 0.9 g per milliliter; a teaspoon of oil therefore represents approximately 4.5 g. The filling of the spoon varies this figure.
| Measure | Approximate equivalent | Reference in trials |
|---|---|---|
| 1 capsule of 500 mg | Approximately 0.55 ml of oil | Two per day in asthmatics, 4 weeks |
| Half a teaspoon | Approximately 2.5 ml, or 2.2 to 2.3 g | The most frequent single dose in trials |
| 1 teaspoon | Approximately 5 ml, or 4.5 g | The daily dose of several 2 to 3 month trials |
| 1 and a half teaspoons | Approximately 7.5 ml, or 6.7 g | The highest daily dose identified, over 1 month |
| 1 tablespoon | Approximately 15 ml, or 13.5 g | Beyond the doses tested in the identified trials |
In trials using teaspoons, the daily volume ranged from 5 ml (2.5 ml twice a day, over 2 to 3 months) to 7.5 ml (2.5 ml three times a day, over one month), or approximately one teaspoon to one and a half teaspoons. Beyond one and a half teaspoons per day, you exceed the volumes studied in the trials we identified. These trials used their own oil, and their results do not apply to ours.
Independently of these trials, the information sheet for our Ethiopian black seed oil indicates for internal use: 1 to 3 teaspoons per day, in three doses (morning on an empty stomach, afternoon, and bedtime) or in two (morning and evening), as well as in cooking.
Volume is not everything, because the thymoquinone content varies greatly from one product to another. In five commercial oils analyzed by chromatography, it ranged from 3.34 to 10.8 mg per milliliter: according to our calculation, a 5 ml teaspoon would thus provide 17 to 54 mg of thymoquinone depending on the oil. In oils sold in Malaysia, the content ranged from 0.07% to 1.88%, a difference of 27 times between the least and most rich. The amount of thymoquinone consumed therefore depends as much on the oil chosen as on the number of teaspoons.
Oil by the spoonful or capsules?
Capsule trials most often resulted in 1 to 2 g per day, those by the spoonful 5 to 7.5 ml, or several times more. The spoon allows these volumes and cooking use; the capsule, tasteless, provides a fixed dose.
Oil and powder, on the other hand, do not yield the same results. In a meta-analysis of 17 trials, black seed lowered total cholesterol by 15.65 mg/dl and LDL by 14.10 mg/dl, with a more marked effect for oil than powder on these two markers, whereas HDL increase appeared only with powder. For blood pressure, a meta-analysis of 11 trials and 860 participants found the opposite—an advantage for powder—and no link between blood pressure reduction, dose, or duration, with marked heterogeneity between trials. These indirect comparisons remain fragile.
In the trial conducted in asthmatics, participants took 500 mg of black seed oil in capsule form twice daily, or 1 g per day for 4 weeks. The product information for our Egyptian black seed oil capsules indicates, for its part, 2 capsules per day with meals, or 1 g of black seed oil and 15 mg of vitamin E. The amount of oil is the same, but this is a different product, and the thymoquinone content of our capsules is not specified: the results of this trial do not transfer to ours.
On an empty stomach or with meals?
Taking it "in the morning on an empty stomach" is very common advice, but we found no human study comparing empty stomach intake and intake during a meal, neither on thymoquinone absorption nor on effects. Trial protocols only provide clues. In the Helicobacter pylori trial, seed capsules were taken two to three times daily after meals. In a 15-day trial with 65 adult men suffering from seasonal allergies, conducted with a product supplied by a manufacturer, one 250 mg capsule of oil standardized for thymoquinone, combined with piperine, was taken twice daily after meals, with no abnormalities in laboratory tests. In an 8-week trial with 2 g of powder daily, capsules were taken just before lunch and dinner. Most others do not specify the timing.
Regarding absorption, the only available data come from animal studies. In rabbits, pure thymoquinone given orally was absorbed slowly (absorption half-life of approximately 217 minutes, after a 23-minute delay), with bioavailability of approximately 58% and fairly rapid elimination. It is unknown whether these figures apply in humans or change with meals. The two or three daily doses in trials remain a practical choice, not a proven rule.
Digestive tolerance, however, is documented indirectly. Most trials report no adverse effects, but in that same 8-week trial with 2 g of powder daily, three participants in the black seed group were excluded from the study due to itching and nausea. Our oil product information indicates, for 3 teaspoons daily, intake in the morning on an empty stomach, in the afternoon, and at bedtime, and for 2, intake in the morning and evening; our capsules indicate 2 capsules daily with meals. These are usage recommendations: in case of nausea or burning on an empty stomach, taking it with a meal is a simple solution.
For how long, and should breaks be taken?
Many trials last 8 to 12 weeks (8.3 weeks on average in a meta-analysis of 11 blood pressure trials), with extremes ranging from a few days to one year.
Long-term safety is based on few trials. The one-year trial with 2 g of powder daily found no adverse effects, and liver, kidney, and blood count assessments remained normal. A meta-analysis of 19 trials and 1,295 participants focused on liver and kidney markers found a decrease in alkaline phosphatase and blood urea, with marked heterogeneity between trials; however, urea increased beyond 2,000 mg daily (2 trials) and creatinine in 3 trials with adjusted analyses. The authors call for larger and longer trials before establishing a dose and duration.
No identified study tested intermittent treatment courses with breaks. Reassessing after 8 to 12 weeks, a frequent trial duration, is a practical reference point, not a trial outcome.
With honey
The mixture of black seed and honey, an ancient use, also softens the taste of the oil. Two trials have studied it.
In 70 adults with functional dyspepsia confirmed by endoscopy, a honey-based preparation providing 5 ml of black seed oil daily for 8 weeks, as a supplement to usual antacid treatment, reduced symptom severity scores and Helicobacter pylori infection rates more than placebo. No serious adverse effects were reported.
Mohtashami R, Huseini HF, Heydari M, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 2015;175:147-152. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.09.022
The second trial, conducted in Pakistan during the pandemic in 313 adults with moderate to severe Covid-19, gave daily 1 g of honey and 80 mg of black seed per kilogram of body weight, for up to 13 days. Symptoms improved faster than with placebo (4 days versus 7 in moderate forms), with no adverse effect attributed to the mixture. For a 70 kg adult, this represents by our calculation approximately 70 g of honey and 5.6 g of seeds daily: quantities specific to this trial, which do not constitute a dosage for everyday use.
Our article on black seed and honey details these studies and offers a recipe. Honey provides sugars: in case of diabetes, it counts toward your daily intake.
External use: skin and scalp
On the skin, trials used small quantities. In 40 elderly people (average age 75) suffering from knee osteoarthritis, 1 ml of oil applied to the knee every 8 hours for 3 weeks reduced pain more than 325 mg of oral paracetamol, in a crossover trial. In 60 menopausal women, 2 to 3 drops applied below the navel twice daily for 8 weeks improved mixed urinary incontinence. In acne, a gel standardized to thymoquinone (not pure oil), applied twice daily for 60 days in 60 patients, reduced the severity score by 78%, versus 3.3% under placebo.
Our oil fact sheet recommends, for hair, a few drops massaged onto the scalp, left for at least 20 minutes or overnight, and for skin, a few drops massaged for 2 to 3 minutes then rinsed off. These are usage recommendations that have not been tested in a trial with our oil.
Severe skin reactions have been described after applying black seed oil. A series of three cases published in 2018 reports rashes extending beyond the application area, with skin sloughing affecting more than 15% of the skin surface and fever; patch tests with the patients' oil were positive, and thymoquinone is among the suspected compounds. As a precaution, a preliminary test in the elbow crease for 48 hours is practical advice, not a guarantee. If redness spreads, blisters appear, or fever develops, stop immediately and consult a doctor without delay.
Storage and oxidation
Black seed oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids: our oil contains approximately 58 g per 100 g according to its fact sheet. These fats oxidize over time, with exposure to air, light, and heat. In a storage study of cold-pressed oils kept at 4°C, black seed oil acidity increased from 10.26% to 16.96% in 4 months, its peroxide index was very high and fluctuating, and its odor profile had clearly changed at 4 months.
Thymoquinone itself resists acidic, basic, and oxidizing environments in forced degradation tests, but it clearly degrades in light and heat. A 2025 study found stable thymoquinone content during storage, but oxidation that depends on temperature, less at deep cold.
Bottle tightly sealed after each use, away from light and far from a heat source; in the refrigerator once opened if you use it slowly. A rancid smell indicates oxidized oil. In cooking, black seed oil is best added cold, at the end of preparation, rather than during cooking.
Who should abstain, and interactions
Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children. The three-dose powder trial explicitly excluded pregnant and breastfeeding women, and the dosages in this guide apply only to adults. A trial in pregnant women after miscarriage showed that the oil promoted uterine evacuation (5 g daily for at most 3 days, complete evacuation in 51.4% of women versus 20% under placebo): another reason to avoid it during pregnancy. In children, a review of 15 trials concludes that the effective dose and form remain to be established. Our black seed-based products are not recommended for children and pregnant women, our capsules also not for adolescents and breastfeeding women; during breastfeeding, medical advice is essential before taking our oil.
Drug interactions. Data remain limited: four volunteers and rat studies, all suggesting a risk of interaction.
In four healthy volunteers, 2.5 g of black seed twice daily for 7 days altered the elimination of a test drug, dextromethorphan, in a way indicating inhibition of two liver enzymes, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, which metabolize many drugs. The authors conclude there is a risk of interaction with drugs transformed by these enzymes.
Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Thukair AA, Abbas FA, et al. Drug Metab Lett 2010;4(1):51-55. DOI: 10.2174/187231210790980435
In rats, black seed increased exposure to clopidogrel, a platelet aggregation inhibitor (peak blood level +31.52%), and prolonged bleeding time by 8 to 12% beyond the drug's effect alone. Also in rats, black seed oil increased the bioavailability of gliclazide, an antidiabetic, by 29% and enhanced blood sugar reduction, up to 50% in healthy animals. These animal results do not directly translate to humans, but warrant caution.
If taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents, antidiabetics, antihypertensives, or immunosuppressants, do not start black seed without discussing it with your doctor or pharmacist: your treatment dose may need to be monitored. Our article is black seed oil dangerous? details adverse effects and contraindications.
The practical protocol
This protocol is intended for a healthy adult, without medication, outside of pregnancy and breastfeeding; no study has tested it as such.
100% Ethiopian black seed oil, cold-pressed and unfiltered, in a 100 ml bottle. One to three teaspoons per day, in two or three doses or in cooking, and a few drops for the scalp or skin.
See Ethiopian black seed oilPrefer a tasteless format? Discover our Egyptian black seed oil capsules, to take during meals.
Frequently asked questions
What is the dosage for black seed oil?
In adults, trials most often gave 1 to 2 g of oil per day in capsules, or 2.5 ml two to three times per day by spoon, or 5 to 7.5 ml per day, for a few days to 3 months. Do not exceed the dose indicated on the product.
How many teaspoons of black seed oil per day?
The most studied dose by spoon is 2.5 ml twice daily, or approximately one teaspoon per day total. The highest dose found in identified trials is 2.5 ml three times per day, or approximately one and a half teaspoons, over one month.
Should black seed oil be taken on an empty stomach?
No human study has compared taking it on an empty stomach versus with meals. Several trials gave black seed after meals. If nausea occurs on an empty stomach, taking it with meals is a simple solution.
How to take black seed oil: pure, with honey, or in a dish?
All three are possible. Pure by spoon, it has a peppery and bitter taste; with honey, it is easier to take; in cooking, it is better to add it cold, at the end of preparation, as thymoquinone degrades with heat in laboratory tests.
How long should you take black seed oil?
Many trials lasted 8 to 12 weeks (8.3 weeks on average in a meta-analysis of 11 trials on blood pressure), with durations ranging from a few days to one year. No study tested treatment cycles with breaks; reassessing after 12 weeks is a reasonable benchmark.
Black seed oil or capsules: which to choose?
It's oil in both cases, in two formats. Capsules provide a fixed, tasteless dose, most often 1 to 2 g per day in trials; the spoon allows larger volumes, 5 to 7.5 ml per day, and culinary use.
What dose of powdered black seed per day?
In adults, several-week trials used 0.5 to 3 g of ground seeds per day, most often 2 g in 500 mg capsules; higher amounts were given for only a few days. In two dose-escalation trials, 3 g performed no better than 2 g.
Can black seed oil be applied to the skin or hair?
Yes, in small amounts: skin trials used 2 to 3 drops to 1 ml per application. Severe contact allergies have been reported: test first in the crook of your elbow for 48 hours, and stop then consult a doctor if there is widespread redness, blistering, or fever.
Who should not take black seed oil?
Children and pregnant women, and during breastfeeding medical advice is necessary. While taking anticoagulants, antiplatelet, antidiabetic, antihypertensive or immunosuppressant medications, or in case of kidney or liver disease, consult your doctor before taking it.
Does black seed oil interact with medications?
It's possible. In four volunteers, 2.5 g of seeds twice daily for 7 days slowed two liver enzymes that eliminate many medications. In rats, black seed enhanced the effect of an antiplatelet agent and an antidiabetic drug. While on treatment, medical advice is essential.
Sources
The studies cited below were identified via PubMed.
- Jafari A, Mardani H, Faghfouri AH, et al. Does Nigella sativa supplementation improve cardiovascular risk factors? Systematic review assessed by GRADE and dose-response meta-analysis of 82 randomized controlled trials. Pharmacological Research, 2025;219:107882. DOI
- Musazadeh V, Jahangir M, Mahmoudinezhad M, et al. Effect of Nigella sativa supplementation on cardiometabolic health in patients with metabolic diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis assessed by GRADE. Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 2026;9(2):e70207. DOI
- Karimi M, Pirzad S, Pourfaraji SMA, et al. Effects of black seed (Nigella sativa L.) on cardiometabolic indices in patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 2025;90:103174. DOI
- Koshak A, Wei L, Koshak E, et al. Nigella sativa supplementation improves asthma control and its biomarkers: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phytotherapy Research, 2017;31(3):403-409. DOI
- Hadi S, Daryabeygi-Khotbehsara R, Mirmiran P, et al. Effect of an oily extract of Nigella sativa on cardiometabolic risk factors in type 2 diabetes: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research, 2021;35(7):3747-3755. DOI
- Tavakoli-Rouzbehani OM, Abbasnezhad M, Kheirouri S, Alizadeh M. Effects of Nigella sativa oil supplementation on metabolic and anthropometric parameters in coronary patients: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research, 2021;35(7):3988-3999. DOI
- Razmpoosh E, Safi S, Nadjarzadeh A, et al. Effect of Nigella sativa supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in obese or overweight women: a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Nutrition, 2021;60(4):1863-1874. DOI
- Shoaei-Hagh P, Kamelan Kafi F, Najafi S, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating Nigella sativa seed oil for reducing cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Phytotherapy Research, 2021;35(8):4388-4400. DOI
- Kolahdooz M, Nasri S, Modarres SZ, et al. Effects of Nigella sativa L. seed oil on abnormal semen quality in infertile men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytomedicine, 2014;21(6):901-905. DOI
- Khonche A, Huseini HF, Gholamian M, et al. A standardized Nigella sativa seed oil improves hepatic steatosis, transaminases, and lipids in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2019;234:106-111. DOI
- Huseini HF, Mohtashami R, Sadeghzadeh E, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral Nigella sativa oil in the symptomatic treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 2022;49:101666. DOI
- Kaatabi H, Bamosa AO, Lebda FM, et al. Favorable effect of Nigella sativa seeds on the lipid profile of type 2 diabetic patients. Journal of Family and Community Medicine, 2012;19(3):155-161. DOI
- Kaatabi H, Bamosa AO, Badar A, et al. Nigella sativa improves glycemic control and attenuates oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients: a single-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. PLoS One, 2015;10(2):e0113486. DOI
- Salem EM, Yar T, Bamosa AO, et al. Comparative study of Nigella sativa and triple therapy in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology, 2010;16(3):207-214. DOI
- Salem A, Bamosa A, Alam M, et al. Effect of Nigella sativa on general health and immune system in healthy young volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. F1000Research, 2021;10:1199. DOI
- Salem AM, Bamosa AO, Qutub HO, et al. Effect of Nigella sativa supplementation on respiratory function and inflammatory mediators in partially controlled asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 2017;37(1):64-71. DOI
- Johnson-Ajinwo OR, Li WW. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry with isotopic dilution for the determination of thymoquinone in black cumin seed oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2014;62(24):5466-5471. DOI
- Alkhatib H, Mawazi SM, Al-Mahmood SMA, et al. Thymoquinone content of nigella oils sold in Malaysia. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 2020;12(3):284-288. DOI
- Sahebkar A, Beccuti G, Simental-Mendía LE, et al. Effects of Nigella sativa (black seed) on plasma lipids in humans: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Pharmacological Research, 2016;106:37-50. DOI
- Sahebkar A, Soranna D, Liu X, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials examining the effects of Nigella sativa (black seed) supplementation on blood pressure. Journal of Hypertension, 2016;34(11):2127-2135. DOI
- Majeed A, Majeed S, Parameswarappa AK, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating a Nigella sativa oil standardized to 5% thymoquinone for reducing seasonal allergy symptoms. Medicine, 2024;103(32):e39243. DOI
- Alkharfy KM, Ahmad A, Khan RM, Al-Shagha WM. Plasma pharmacokinetic behavior of thymoquinone following intravenous and oral administration in rabbits. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 2015;40(3):319-323. DOI
- Farhangi MA, Dehghan P, Tajmiri S, Abbasi MM. Effects of Nigella sativa on thyroid function, VEGF-1, nesfatin-1, and anthropometric measures in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016;16(1):471. DOI
- Razmpoosh E, Safi S, Abdollahi N, et al. Effect of Nigella sativa on liver and kidney parameters: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacological Research, 2020;156:104767. DOI
- Mohtashami R, Huseini HF, Heydari M, et al. Efficacy and safety of a honey and Nigella sativa seed oil preparation in functional dyspepsia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2015;175:147-152. DOI
- Ashraf S, Ashraf S, Ashraf M, et al. Honey and Nigella sativa against COVID-19 in Pakistan (HNS-COVID-PK): a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research, 2023;37(2):627-644. DOI
- Kooshki A, Forouzan R, Rakhshani MH, Mohammadi M. Effect of topical application of Nigella sativa oil and oral paracetamol on knee osteoarthritis pain in elderly patients: a crossover clinical trial. Electronic Physician, 2016;8(11):3193-3197. DOI
- Alizadeh A, Mohammah-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Khodaie L, Mirghafourvand M. Effect of Nigella sativa L. seed oil on urinary incontinence and quality of life in postmenopausal women: a triple-blind randomized controlled trial. Phytotherapy Research, 2023;37(5):2012-2023. DOI
- Soleymani S, Zargaran A, Farzaei MH, et al. Effect of a Nigella sativa L. hydrogel on acne vulgaris: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research, 2020;34(11):3052-3062. DOI
- Gaudin O, Toukal F, Hua C, et al. Association between severe acute contact dermatitis caused by Nigella sativa oil and epidermal apoptosis. JAMA Dermatology, 2018;154(9):1062-1065. DOI
- Tarasevičienė Ž, Laukagalis V, Paulauskienė A, et al. Quality evolution of cold-pressed black cumin, safflower, and milk thistle seed oils during storage. Plants, 2023;12(6):1351. DOI
- Soliman RM, Abdel Salam RA, Eid BG, et al. Stability study of thymoquinone, carvacrol, and thymol by HPLC-UV and LC-ESI-MS. Acta Pharmaceutica, 2020;70(3):325-342. DOI
- Doğan S, Özek T, Aytar Çelik P. Effect of different extraction and storage conditions on black cumin seed oil. Food Chemistry, 2025;496(Pt 1):146701. DOI
- Mohammadi B, Nazari Robati L, Tavakol Z, Movahhed M. Evaluation of the effect of Nigella sativa oil on incomplete miscarriage outcomes: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Health Science Reports, 2024;7(4):e2029. DOI
- Abumadini MM, Ahmad S, AlYahya W, et al. Clinical uses of Nigella sativa in pediatrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2025;30(5):580-592. DOI
- Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Thukair AA, Abbas FA, et al. Effect of nigella seed on dextromethorphan demethylation in human liver microsomes and in healthy volunteers. Drug Metabolism Letters, 2010;4(1):51-55. DOI
- Alkharfy K, Jan B, Alotaibi K, et al. Interactions between clopidogrel and plants: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation in rats. Current Drug Metabolism, 2021;22(12):969-977. DOI
- Adiwidjaja J, Sasongko L. Effect of Nigella sativa oil on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gliclazide in rats. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition, 2021;42(8):359-371. DOI
