A 70-kilogram adult carries approximately 15 grams of hyaluronic acid, and breaks down and renews about 5 grams of it each day. This water-retaining molecule is now found in serums, capsules, dermal fillers, knee injections, eye drops, and vaginal gels.
This guide reviews, route by route, what studies identified via PubMed show: the molecule and its molecular weight, the effect of serums and capsules at tested doses, the level of evidence for injections and medical uses, side effects including during pregnancy, then a skincare routine.
Benefits : serums hydrate upon application, and only creams with the smallest molecules reduced wrinkle depth in one trial. Orally, 60 to 280 mg per day for 4 to 12 weeks most often improved hydration and wrinkles in often small and industry-sponsored randomized trials: +11.5% cheek hydration versus placebo in the largest, in 150 adults. In eye drops, vaginal gel, on wounds and gums, it is a documented adjunctive treatment; for hair, the evidence remains very weak.
Dangers : serums and supplements are well tolerated in trials. Risks concern medical procedures: delayed inflammatory reactions in approximately 1 patient per 2,000 followed one year after aesthetic injection, rare vascular occlusions that can affect vision, and more serious adverse events than placebo with knee injections, for minimal benefit. Due to lack of trials on hyaluronic acid alone, caution is advised during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
- Hyaluronic acid: what is it?
- High or low molecular weight: what size changes
- Why skin loses it with age
- Where hyaluronic acid in products comes from
- On the face: serums and creams
- Orally: absorption and effects on skin
- Joints: capsules and knee injections
- Aesthetic injections: principle, duration, complications
- Dry eyes, vaginal dryness, wounds and gums
- Hyaluronic acid and hair: thin evidence
- Side effects and dangers, route by route
- The summary by route and skincare routine
- Frequently asked questions
Hyaluronic Acid: What Is It?
Hyaluronic acid, or hyaluronate, was described in 1934 in the vitreous body of bovine eyes, and its name bears the trace: hyaloid, for the vitreous, and uronic acid, one of its components. It is a glycosaminoglycan that is non-sulfated: a very long chain repeating two simple sugars, glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine.
Its chief property is to capture water: according to a 2022 review, it binds up to 1,000 times its volume in water, and at just 0.1%, its chains form a highly viscous solution. Hence its roles as a hydrating agent, joint lubricant and filling material. A main component of the matrix surrounding skin cells, it is also abundant in joint fluid, the vitreous of the eye and the umbilical cord.
Its renewal is very rapid: of the 15 grams in a 70-kilogram body, approximately 5 grams are degraded and recycled each day. Its half-life is 3 to 5 minutes in the blood, less than one day in the skin and 1 to 3 weeks in cartilage. The skin concentrates approximately 50%, mainly in the dermis, where it regulates water balance.
The sodium hyaluronate on labels is the salt form of hyaluronic acid, the form in which it exists in the human body and which several trials cited below employ: it is the same molecule.
High or Low Molecular Weight: What Size Changes
Molecular weight is expressed in daltons or kilodaltons (kDa, or 1,000 daltons) and ranges from a few thousand to 6 million daltons. Intact tissues contain large chains, over 1,000 kDa, which hydrate, occupy space and rather inhibit inflammation. Their degradation produces shorter chains: in the laboratory, those around 20 kDa conversely promote inflammation and vessel formation.
On the Skin, a Raman spectroscopy study on human skin shows that hyaluronic acid of 20 to 300 kDa crosses the stratum corneum, whereas that of 1,000 to 1,400 kDa does not, as its large chains form a film on the surface that limits water evaporation. By Oral Administration, in rats, chains of approximately 2,000 daltons pass into the blood and lymph, those of 50,000 and 300,000 very little.
Studies do not all set the same threshold, and the trials cited in this guide tested sizes from 2 to 2,000 kDa. On a label, the mention "low molecular weight" only makes sense if the size is specified.
Why Skin Loses It with Age
According to a 2012 review, the most striking change observed under the microscope in aging skin is the disappearance of hyaluronic acid from the epidermis, while it remains present in the dermis. The chains also shorten with age. The epidermis thus loses the molecule that fixed water there, which contributes to dryness, thinning, and loss of elasticity in aged skin.
Skin biopsies from the buttock, protected from the sun, and from the forearm, exposed, were taken from 32 adults: 16 young people aged 20 to 33 years and 16 people aged 70 to 80 years. Hyaluronic acid was more abundant in the dermis than in the epidermis; with age, that in the epidermis decreased in protected skin, and the water content of the epidermis was correlated with its hyaluronic acid content.
Oh JH, Kim YK, Jung JY, et al. J Dermatol Sci 2011;62(3):192-201. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.02.007
The sun acts separately: according to the same journal, approximately 80% of facial aging is attributed to UV rays. Compared to the protected skin of the same patient, exposed skin contains more fragmented hyaluronic acid, fewer enzymes that produce it, and more enzymes that degrade it. In practice, daily sun protection remains the first step.
Collagen also degrades with age and UV exposure: see our article on collagen loss after age 25.
Where does hyaluronic acid in products come from
The first medical hyaluronic acids came from umbilical cords and rooster combs. Faced with safety concerns related to animal tissues, particularly avian, production turned to bacterial fermentation : bacteria, most often Streptococcus zooepidemicus, manufacture the molecule in vats, at lower cost. Since streptococci are pathogenic and endotoxins may persist, modified strains have also been developed.
Regardless of its origin, the molecule retains the same composition, two sugars repeated without branching, and a structure very similar from one species to another; only possible impurities and the distribution of chain sizes change. Purity matters: in the laboratory, preparations contaminated with endotoxins activated immune cells in mice, unlike pharmaceutical-grade hyaluronic acid.
The expression " natural hyaluronic acid " therefore has no precise technical meaning: the molecule is present in the body, but that in products is manufactured, today mostly through fermentation. On the dietary side, we identified no studies in PubMed measuring the effect of a food rich in hyaluronic acid; trials involve dosed supplements. Our guide to collagen-rich foods details useful intakes.
On the face: serums and creams
Applied to the skin, hyaluronic acid acts as a humectant: it attracts and retains water in the superficial layers. According to the 2012 review, when supplied externally, it is quickly eliminated from the dermis and degraded; trials applied it morning and evening.
The most informative trial on size tested creams at 0.1% sodium hyaluronate of five molecular weights, 50, 130, 300, 800 and 2,000 kDa, in 76 women with wrinkles around the eyes, each cream being compared to a cream without hyaluronic acid applied around the other eye. After 60 days, all had improved skin hydration and elasticity compared to placebo; only the two smallest, 50 and 130 kDa, had reduced wrinkle depth, which the authors link to their better penetration and their effect on inflammation (Pavicic, 2011, cited by Bravo, 2022).
In 40 women aged 30 to 65 years with photodamage, a commercial serum combining hyaluronic acid with other active ingredients, applied twice daily with sun protection, increased skin hydration by 134% immediately after application and by 55% after 6 weeks compared to baseline, without a control group; the dermatologist noted an improvement in fine lines of 31% and in wrinkles of 14%, with no signs of irritation. Four of the five authors work for a personal care manufacturer.
Draelos ZD, Diaz I, Namkoong J, et al. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021;11(4):1385-1394. DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00566-0
Timeframes range from immediate effect for hydration to 60 days for wrinkles. These short studies, often conducted with manufacturers, show a clear hydrating effect, more modest on wrinkles.
Our Hyaluronic Acid Serum is applied morning and evening, at the frequency of the 6-week study, which was conducted on another serum; it is intended for adults, for external use. To choose between topical application and oral intake, see our comparison serum or capsules.
Oral intake: absorption and effects on the skin
In rats and dogs, high molecular weight hyaluronic acid labeled with a radioactive tracer was tracked after a single dose: in rats, 86.7 to 95.6% of radioactivity was recovered, almost entirely in the feces. However, some reached all examined tissues, especially the joints and vertebrae after 4 hours, then the skin, bones, and joints at 24 hours. In another rat study, researchers found none in the feces: colonic bacteria broke it down into fragments, which were absorbed in the large intestine and then distributed to the skin. These are animal data, and the second study came from a manufacturer.
In humans, placebo-controlled trials tested 60 to 280 mg per day for 4 to 12 weeks. A meta-analysis of 7 trials, published in 2025, concluded significant improvement in hydration, elasticity, and wrinkle depth, but not firmness or transepidermal water loss, and emphasized the small size and heterogeneity of the trials.
In 150 healthy adults aged 18 to 60, a sodium hyaluronate of 1.8 million daltons in drinkable solution, at 120 mg per day for 12 weeks, increased cheek hydration by 11.5% compared to placebo, and by 9.1% at 60 mg. Wrinkles around the eyes were less pronounced from the first month; skin color, redness, and pores did not change. Six of the seven authors are employees of an industry company.
Dolečková I, Kušnierik P, Berka V, et al. Sci Rep 2025;16(1):2941. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-32758-5
| Trial | Protocol | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Dolečková, 2025 | 150 adults, 60 or 120 mg per day of a 1.8 million dalton hyaluronate, 12 weeks | Cheek hydration +9.1% and +11.5% versus placebo, less pronounced wrinkles around the eyes |
| Hsu, 2021 | 40 Asian adults aged 35 to 64, 120 mg per day, 12 weeks | Wrinkles, hydration, transepidermal water loss, and elasticity improved versus placebo at 12 weeks |
| Oe, 2017 | 60 Japanese aged 22 to 59 with crow's feet wrinkles, 120 mg per day of 2 kDa or 300 kDa, 12 weeks | Wrinkles significantly reduced versus placebo from week 8 with 300 kDa |
| Kawada, 2015 | 61 adults with dry skin, 120 mg per day of 800 kDa or 300 kDa, 6 weeks | Skin hydration increased more than under placebo |
| Michelotti, 2021 | 60 women, 200 mg per day of a molecular weight blend from fermentation, 28 days | Active group: hydration +10.6%, wrinkle depth −18.8%, elasticity +5.1% |
Four of the five trials in the table involved 40 to 61 people, none exceeded 12 weeks, and four were conducted with industry sponsors. Their results point in the same direction, but independent confirmations are still lacking.
Our doses are of the same order. Our Marine Collagen and Hyaluronic Acid capsules provide 200 mg of hyaluronic acid per 4 capsules, with 1,208 mg of Naticol® marine collagen, vitamin C, and manganese; our Marine Collagen and Hyaluronic Acid powder provides 210 mg of hyaluronic acid daily, 10 g of Naticol® marine collagen, and 80 mg of vitamin C. The trials above tested hyaluronic acid alone, not these combinations; collagen has its own trials, detailed in our article on Collagen for the skin.
Joints: capsules and knee injections
In the longest oral trial on the knee, 60 Japanese people aged 50 and over with grade 2 or 3 knee osteoarthritis took for 12 months 200 mg per day of hyaluronic acid of approximately 900 kDa (4 capsules of 50 mg) or placebo, with daily quadriceps strengthening exercise. Symptoms improved in both groups, with no significant difference across all participants; in those aged 70 or younger, the score was better with hyaluronic acid at months 2 and 4, but not thereafter. Only 38 of the 60 participants were analyzed at the end.
Our capsules provide the same amount of hyaluronic acid, 200 mg per 4 capsules, combined with marine collagen, vitamin C and manganese: this is not the product tested in this trial. Our article on collagen and joints presents its own trials.
Hyaluronic acid injection into the knee, or viscosupplementation, is a medical procedure of a different nature, with very minimal benefit according to the largest meta-analysis.
From 169 trials and 21,163 participants with knee osteoarthritis, analysis of the 24 major trials versus placebo shows a pain reduction of 2 mm more than placebo on a 100 mm scale, well below the difference deemed clinically relevant. Serious adverse events were more frequent than with placebo (relative risk of 1.49). The authors do not support widespread use of viscosupplementation.
Pereira TV, Jüni P, Saadat P, et al. BMJ 2022;378:e069722. DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-069722
A safety meta-analysis found no excess of organ-specific adverse effects, and fewer infections than placebo, but more serious events overall (odds ratio of 1.78), a signal not significant in trials without other osteoarthritis treatment; certainty is low to moderate. The decision for an injection is up to your doctor. For daily management, see our guide osteoarthritis: natural solutions.
Aesthetic injections: principle, duration, complications
Facial filler products are gels of hyaluronic acid cross-linked, with chains linked together according to different technologies: according to the 2022 review, the most commonly used technique to improve the appearance of aging skin. Their effect is presented as temporary, lasting several months, but in three patients, gel injected around the eyes was found up to 9 years later, causing late swelling improved by biopsy and hyaluronidase, the enzyme that breaks it down.
In a review of 37 studies and 7,339 patients treated with injections in the nose, a high-risk area, mild complications (bruising, hematomas, edema, asymmetry) affected 13.34% of patients, and serious complications (vision loss, skin necrosis), 3 per 1,000. According to a meta-analysis of 242 studies, delayed inflammatory reactions (nodules, redness, swelling), appearing at a median of 3 months after injection and up to 12 years later, affect approximately 1 patient per 2,000 followed for one year; they are often treated with hyaluronidase, corticosteroids or antibiotics.
Between 2015 and 2018, 48 new cases of vision loss after filler injection were published, following 98 cases identified through 2015. The highest-risk areas were the nose (56.3% of cases), the glabella between the eyebrows (27.1%), and the forehead (18.8%). Hyaluronic acid was responsible in 81.3% of cases, and vision was fully recovered in only 20.8% of cases.
Beleznay K, Carruthers JDA, Humphrey S, et al. Aesthet Surg J 2019;39(6):662-674. DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjz053
A decrease or loss of vision, severe pain, a drooping eyelid, an eye that moves poorly: these are the most commonly reported symptoms in vision loss after filler, with skin that blanches or becomes mottled in 43.8% of cases. These require an immediate call to the injecting doctor or emergency services. The injection should be performed by a doctor trained in preventing and managing these complications; serums and supplements do not replace this procedure.
Dry eyes, vaginal dryness, wounds and gums
Dry eyes. As eye drops, according to a meta-analysis of 39 randomized trials and 3,469 patients published in 2026, hyaluronic acid significantly improves symptoms of dry eye, especially at concentrations of 0.15 to 0.18%, with more variable results on signs measured on examination, such as tear film stability. These eye drops, well tolerated, are placed by the authors as first-line treatment in mild to moderate dryness. For screen-related issues, see our article on eye strain.
Vaginal dryness. After menopause, the decline in estrogen weakens the vaginal mucosa; hyaluronic acid gels have been compared to local estrogens.
In 144 postmenopausal women suffering from vaginal dryness, a vaginal gel with hyaluronic acid applied every three days, or 10 applications in 30 days, improved dryness by 84.4%, compared to 89.4% for a cream containing estriol, a local estrogen, with no significant difference between the two. The trial was open: participants knew which product they were using.
Chen J, Geng L, Song X, et al. J Sex Med 2013;10(6):1575-1584. DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12125
A systematic review of 5 studies and 335 women found no significant difference between hyaluronic acid and local estrogens on mucosal atrophy, vaginal pH, pain during intercourse, and cell maturation, without being able to pool studies that were too heterogeneous. The authors view it as an option for women unable to receive hormones (see our guide to menopause).
Wounds and burns. In a meta-analysis of 9 randomized trials, hyaluronic acid derivatives improved healing in 8 trials, for burns, venous or diabetic ulcers, and wounds after tattoo removal, and healed diabetic foot ulcers faster than standard care.
Gums. Applied locally as a supplement to non-surgical treatment of periodontitis, hyaluronic acid reduced pocket depth by an additional 0.46 mm and improved gum attachment by 0.35 mm, according to a meta-analysis of 12 studies published in 2025. The effect on bleeding was not significant, and the quality of evidence is considered moderate.
Hyaluronic acid and hair: thin evidence
On the human side, the most direct clinical study involved 26 people with moderate androgenetic alopecia: six injection sessions into the scalp, two weeks apart, of a complex combining hyaluronic acid, vitamins, ions, and amino acids. Photographs showed thicker, shinier, and denser hair, and 88.5% of volunteers felt their appearance had improved. Without a control group, it is impossible to separate the effects of hyaluronic acid from the other ingredients.
Other recent studies involve mice, where hyaluronic acid serves as a vehicle for minoxidil, a medication. We identified no trial showing that a shampoo, hair serum, or hyaluronic acid capsule promotes hair regrowth. Our guide hair loss: the 8 proven active ingredients reviews the studied options.
Side effects and safety, by route of administration
On the skin, serum tolerance was judged excellent in the 6-week study, with no increase in the irritation marker. On reactive skin, test a small area first, as with any new skincare product.
Oral route, trials report few adverse effects: none related to the product in the dry skin trial; gastric discomfort in 2 participants, acid reflux in 1, and loss of appetite in 1 in the 12-month knee trial, with no significant difference from placebo; mild effects in all groups, including placebo, in the 150-adult trial.
Long-term side effects : we identified no trial data beyond 12 months for oral administration, nor beyond a few months for serums. For injections, inflammatory reactions appeared up to 12 years after the procedure, and gel was found 9 years later.
Fragments, inflammation, and tumors. The idea that small hyaluronic acid fragments would be inflammatory, or even promote tumors, comes from laboratory work: fragments of about 20 kDa promote inflammation, and cancer cells divert certain stages of its breakdown. This inflammatory effect could come, at least in part, from contamination by endotoxins: when purified, hyaluronic acid and its fragments did not stimulate immune cells in mice. No identified human study links a serum or hyaluronic acid supplement to cancer.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding. We identified no randomized trial of hyaluronic acid alone orally in pregnant or breastfeeding women. The two studies found, which test a product from the same manufacturer, involved 200 mg of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid combined with four other nutrients: an Italian retrospective study in 200 pregnant women and a small open randomized trial in 56 women at risk of miscarriage, who also received progesterone. These do not allow conclusions about hyaluronic acid alone. For our capsules, seek professional health advice before use if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Origin and allergy. Hyaluronic acid from rooster combs raises questions about poultry components. In case of allergy to poultry proteins, ask your pharmacist or doctor about the product's origin, especially before an injection. For the marine collagen in our formulas, see the marine collagen precautions.
| Route | Frequent effects | Rare or serious complications |
|---|---|---|
| Serum, cream | Tolerance rated as excellent | None reported in these studies |
| Oral route | Rare digestive disorders, similar to placebo | None reported, over 12 months maximum |
| Aesthetic injection | Bruising, hematomas, edema, asymmetry: 13.34% of patients for the nose | Delayed inflammatory reaction (1 per 2,000 patients per year), vascular occlusion, vision loss |
| Knee infiltration | No excess by organ | Serious events more frequent than with placebo (relative risk 1.49) |
| Eye drops, vaginal gel | Generally well tolerated according to cited reviews | Gel tolerance comparable to that of local estrogens |
Assessment by route and skincare routine
| Route and use | Dose or form studied | Level of evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Serum, cream : hydration, fine lines | Creams at 0.1%, serum twice daily, 6 weeks to 60 days | Moderate: clear hydration, modest effect on wrinkles, short-term studies |
| Oral route : hydration, wrinkles | 60 to 280 mg per day, 4 to 12 weeks | Moderate: meta-analysis of 7 trials, small, often industry-sponsored |
| Oral route : knee osteoarthritis | 200 mg per day, 12 months | Low: one trial, effect limited to age 70 or under |
| Infiltration : knee osteoarthritis | Injection into the joint, by a physician | High, for minimal benefit and more serious events |
| Aesthetic injection : volume, wrinkles | Cross-linked gel, by a physician | Safety described by reviews and case series |
| Eye drops : dry eyes | 0.15 to 0.18% for symptoms | Good: meta-analysis of 39 trials |
| Vaginal gel : dryness | 10 applications over 30 days in the main trial | Fair: close to local estrogens, open trials |
| Topical application : wounds, gums | Derivatives applied to wounds; gels most often at 0.2 or 0.8% on gums | Fair: meta-analyses of 9 and 12 studies |
| Hair | Injections of a complex into the scalp | Very weak: one study of 26 people without control group |
For skin, the most consistent data concerns hydration. The routine below combines gestures tested separately in trials, over 4 to 12 weeks; no trial evaluated their combination.
Our article when to take collagen specifies the timing of intake, and our complete guide to marine collagen details the specific effects of collagen contained in our capsules.
200 mg of hyaluronic acid and 1,208 mg of hydrolyzed marine collagen type 1 Naticol® per 4 vegetable capsules, with 160 mg of vitamin C and 3.96 mg of manganese. One bottle covers one month and can be taken year-round.
View Marine collagen in capsulesAre you hesitant between topical application and oral intake? Our comparison serum or capsules helps you choose.
Frequently asked questions
Hyaluronic acid: what is it?
It's a glycosaminoglycan, a long chain of sugars produced by the body, which retains water. A 70-kilogram adult contains approximately 15 grams of it, half of which is in the skin, and renews nearly 5 grams per day.
What are the proven benefits of hyaluronic acid?
They depend on the route of administration: skin hydration via serum, hydration and wrinkle improvement most often achieved by 60 to 280 mg daily over 4 to 12 weeks via oral intake, relief of dry eyes with eye drops and vaginal dryness with gel.
Is hyaluronic acid effective for the face?
For hydration, yes: a serum combining hyaluronic acid with other active ingredients, applied twice daily, increased it by 55% over 6 weeks compared to baseline in 40 women, without a control group. On wrinkles, the effect is more modest: in one trial, only creams with 50 and 130 kDa reduced their depth.
Should you choose a low molecular weight hyaluronic acid?
On the skin, molecules of 20 to 300 kDa penetrate the stratum corneum, those over 1,000 kDa remain on the surface. In one trial, all sizes hydrated, but only the two smallest reduced wrinkle depth.
How long to see the effects of hyaluronic acid?
Hydration increases immediately upon application of a serum. Via oral intake, trials measured effects on hydration from 4 weeks and on wrinkles between 1 and 3 months.
What dose of hyaluronic acid per day?
Trials on skin used 60 to 280 mg daily, most often 120 mg, for 4 to 12 weeks; the 12-month trial on the knee used 200 mg daily.
Does hyaluronic acid promote hair growth?
The evidence is very weak: only one clinical study, on 26 people receiving injections of a hyaluronic acid and vitamin complex into the scalp, without a control group. No identified trial addresses shampoo or capsule formulations.
Does natural hyaluronic acid exist?
The body produces it naturally; that in products is manufactured, today mostly through bacterial fermentation, formerly from rooster combs. We found no study showing that a food provides a useful quantity of it.
Can hyaluronic acid be used for the eyes?
Yes: in cream on the eye contour, the area studied in the molecular weight trial, and in eye drops for dry eyes, with the best results on symptoms between 0.15 and 0.18%.
What are the long-term side effects of hyaluronic acid?
For serums and supplements, trials do not exceed 12 months and have not shown notable adverse effects. After an injection, inflammatory reactions have been described up to 12 years later.
Is hyaluronic acid dangerous?
On the skin and taken by mouth, it is well tolerated in trials. Risks concern medical procedures: rare but serious vascular complications after cosmetic injection, and more serious adverse events than placebo after knee infiltration.
Can you take hyaluronic acid during pregnancy?
We identified no randomized trial of hyaluronic acid alone by oral route in pregnant or nursing women; the rare data concern combinations of nutrients. Ask a healthcare professional's advice before any supplement, and discuss any injection with your doctor.
Sources
The studies cited below were identified via PubMed.
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- Papakonstantinou E, Roth M, Karakiulakis G. Hyaluronic acid, a key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-Endocrinology, 2012;4(3):253-258. DOI
- Bravo B, Correia P, Gonçalves Junior JE, et al. Benefits of topical hyaluronic acid on skin quality and signs of skin aging: from literature review to clinical evidence. Dermatologic Therapy, 2022;35(12):e15903. DOI
- Stern R. Hyaluronic acid catabolism: a new metabolic pathway. European Journal of Cell Biology, 2004;83(7):317-325. DOI
- Essendoubi M, Gobinet C, Reynaud R, et al. Skin penetration in humans of hyaluronic acids of different molecular weights, studied by Raman spectroscopy. Skin Research and Technology, 2016;22(1):55-62. DOI
- Sato Y, Joumura T, Takekuma Y, Sugawara M. Lymphatic transport of hyaluronic acid administered orally. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2020;154:210-213. DOI
- Oh JH, Kim YK, Jung JY, et al. Variations in glycosaminoglycans according to intrinsic aging and photoaging, and their correlation with water content in human skin. Journal of Dermatological Science, 2011;62(3):192-201. DOI
- Dong Y, Arif A, Olsson M, et al. Hyaluronic acid and its endotoxin-free fragments do not stimulate TNF-α, interleukin-12, or costimulatory molecules on dendritic cells and macrophages. Scientific Reports, 2016;6:36928. DOI
- Draelos ZD, Diaz I, Namkoong J, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of a topical hyaluronic acid serum on facial photoaging. Dermatology and Therapy, 2021;11(4):1385-1394. DOI
- Balogh L, Polyak A, Mathe D, et al. Absorption, uptake and tissue affinity of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid after oral administration in rats and dogs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2008;56(22):10582-10593. DOI
- Kimura M, Maeshima T, Kubota T, et al. Absorption of orally administered hyaluronic acid. Journal of Medicinal Food, 2016;19(12):1172-1179. DOI
- Amin P, Sarabi A, Choe S, et al. Oral hyaluronic acid supplementation: efficacy on hydration, elasticity and wrinkle depth. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 2025;24(9):910-919. DOI
- Dolečková I, Kušnierik P, Berka V, et al. Oral sodium hyaluronate improves skin hydration, barrier function and signs of skin aging: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 150 healthy adults. Scientific Reports, 2025;16(1):2941. DOI
- Hsu TF, Su ZR, Hsieh YH, et al. Oral hyaluronic acid attenuates wrinkles and improves dry skin: 12-week double-blind placebo-controlled study. Nutrients, 2021;13(7):2220. DOI
- Oe M, Sakai S, Yoshida H, et al. Oral hyaluronic acid attenuates wrinkles: 12-week double-blind placebo-controlled study. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 2017;10:267-273. DOI
- Kawada C, Yoshida T, Yoshida H, et al. Ingestion of hyaluronic acids (molecular weights of 800 k and 300 k) improves dry skin: randomized double-blind controlled study. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 2015;56(1):66-73. DOI
- Michelotti A, Cestone E, De Ponti I, et al. Oral intake of a novel full-spectrum hyaluronic acid improves profilometry and skin aging: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Dermatology, 2021;31(6):798-805. DOI
- Tashiro T, Seino S, Sato T, et al. Oral administration of polymer hyaluronic acid alleviates symptoms of knee osteoarthritis: 12-month double-blind placebo-controlled study. The Scientific World Journal, 2012;2012:167928. DOI
- Pereira TV, Jüni P, Saadat P, et al. Viscosupplementation in knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 2022;378:e069722. DOI
- Honvo G, Reginster JY, Rannou F, et al. Safety of intra-articular hyaluronic acid injections in osteoarthritis: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drugs & Aging, 2019;36(Suppl 1):101-127. DOI
- Chang JR, Baharestani S, Salek SS, et al. Delayed superficial migration of retained hyaluronic acid years after periocular injection. Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2017;33(3S Suppl 1):S116-S118. DOI
- Ma Y, Jin M, Zhen Y, An Y. Advances in nasal hyaluronic acid injection techniques and complications: a systematic review. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 2025;49(23):6675-6686. DOI
- Seo J, Kadouch J, Pavicic T, et al. Incidence and characteristics of delayed inflammatory reactions after hyaluronic acid filler injection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Aesthetic Surgery Journal Open Forum, 2026;8:ojag165. DOI
- Beleznay K, Carruthers JDA, Humphrey S, et al. Update on prevention and treatment of blindness following filler injection: recent review of the global literature. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 2019;39(6):662-674. DOI
- Martinez-Perez C, Sánchez-González MC, Sánchez-González JM. Optimizing dry eye treatment with hyaluronic acid: systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression according to concentration and comparator. Contact Lens and Anterior Eye, 2026;49(3):102647. DOI
- Chen J, Geng L, Song X, et al. Efficacy and safety of hyaluronic acid vaginal gel for vaginal dryness: a multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label, parallel-group clinical trial. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2013;10(6):1575-1584. DOI
- Dos Santos CCM, Uggioni MLR, Colonetti T, et al. Hyaluronic acid in postmenopausal vaginal atrophy: a systematic review. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2021;18(1):156-166. DOI
- Voigt J, Driver VR. Hyaluronic acid derivatives and wound healing in burns, epithelial surgical wounds and chronic wounds: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 2012;20(3):317-331. DOI
- Dababseh D, Altell R, Kang J, et al. Hyaluronic acid as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dentistry, 2025;155:105613. DOI
- Siquier-Dameto G, Boisnic S, Verdú E. Revitalizing effect on the scalp of injections of a mechanically stabilized hyaluronic acid complex in subjects with androgenetic alopecia. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2024;13(22):6878. DOI
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