With age, approximately 1 in 2 men over 60 experience prostate or urinary discomfort. Many turn to herbal medicine, drawn to plants traditionally used such as Serenoa repens (saw palmetto), the African Plum Tree orstinging nettle. But what do scientific studies really say about these plants?
This article takes stock honestly, without overpromising. We draw on the most recent Cochrane meta-analyses (2023), and we clearly distinguish between plants with strong, moderate, or limited evidence. Our goal: to help you make an informed choice in a field where marketing exaggerations are common.
Prostalis: 60 capsules
This is not a miracle solution. Prostalis is asupport formula based on 7 traditionally used plants (African Plum Tree, Nettle Root, Serenoa repens, Pumpkin Seeds, Maitake, Willowherb, Quercetin), designed to support daily prostate comfort as part of a holistic approach : healthy lifestyle habits, balanced diet, and regular medical monitoring.
View Prostalis →Any persistent urinary symptom (frequent urges, weak stream, incomplete emptying, pain, presence of blood) warrants medical consultation. Herbal dietary supplements are not medications and never replace a diagnosis or prescribed treatment. They may potentially complement a holistic approach to prostate comfort with your doctor's approval.
According to the Cochrane meta-analysis by Franco et al. 2023 (4,656 men, 27 studies, high certainty), Serenoa repens alone provides little or no clinical benefit on urinary symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. This is an important nuance that few retailers are willing to acknowledge.
Evidence is stronger for other plants : Pygeum africanum (Wilt 2002, Cochrane, 1,562 patients), stinging nettle (Safarinejad 2005, 620 patients), whole pumpkin seeds (Vahlensieck 2014, GRANU study, 1,431 men). The plant combinations appear slightly more effective than monotherapies, with an IPSS score reduction of 2.4 points according to Cochrane 2023.
The overall level of evidence remains modest. No plant replaces urological advice for confirmed hyperplasia. Our approach: highlighting well-studied plants, in synergistic formulas, while maintaining the necessary scientific humility.
- The prostate: what is it for and how does it change over time?
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by the numbers
- Our method: how to honestly evaluate plants
- African plum tree (Pygeum africanum)
- Stinging nettle root (Urtica dioica radix)
- Pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo)
- Serenoa repens (dwarf palm / saw palmetto)
- Quercetin
- Small-flowered willowherb (Epilobium parviflorum)
- Maitake (Grifola frondosa)
- Why a synergistic formula makes sense (Cochrane 2023 evidence)
- Diet and lifestyle habits that support prostate health
- Our approach with Prostalis: total transparency
- When to see a doctor
- Decision table: your profile
- FAQ
The prostate: what is it for and how does it change over time?
Anatomy in a few words
The adult prostate measures approximately 3 to 4 cm in width and weighs 20 to 30 g in young adults. It is traversed by the urethra (the canal that drains urine and semen) and directly surrounds the neck of the bladder. It is this anatomical position that explains why an increase in its size directly impacts urination.
How does it change with age?
From around 40–45 years of age, the prostate often begins to gradually enlarge, under the influence of hormones (particularly DHT, a metabolite of testosterone). This enlargement is calledbenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatic adenoma. It is not a serious disease and is not cancer, but it can cause significant urinary discomfort.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by the numbers
BPH is one of the most common benign conditions in aging men:
- 50% of men at age 60 have histological BPH
- 80% of men at age 80 are affected
- Approximately 30% of men experience urinary symptoms requiring medical attention
- Typical symptoms: frequent urges to urinate (pollakiuria), nighttime awakenings to urinate (nocturia), weak urinary stream, sensation of incomplete bladder emptying
To assess symptom severity, urologists use a standardized questionnaire: theIPSS (International Prostate Symptom Score), which yields a score from 0 to 35. This score is used as the primary evaluation criterion in clinical studies on the prostate.
Our method: how to honestly evaluate herbal remedies
Three levels of evidence
| Level | Criteria | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|
| Strong evidence | Positive Cochrane meta-analysis or several concordant large-scale RCTs | The effect is well established, use is reasonable |
| Moderate evidence | 1-2 positive RCTs but limited in sample size, duration, or never replicated | The effect is suggested but requires confirmation |
| Limited evidence | Preclinical studies only, negative RCTs, or traditional use without clinical validation | Use is based on tradition, without solid scientific demonstration |
African Plum Tree (Pygeum africanum)
African Plum Tree: the plant with the strongest scientific track record
Cochrane 2002 (Wilt): moderate effect documented in 1,562 men Strong evidence
The Pygeum africanum is a large tree native to central Africa. It is thebark that is traditionally used in herbal medicine, as a source of phytosterols (notably β-sitosterol), pentacyclic triterpenes, and fatty acid esters. According to the Cochrane meta-analysis Wilt et al. 2002, standardized African Plum Tree extract provides a moderate but statistically significant improvement in urinary symptoms (effect size -0.8 SD), with a 19% reduction in nocturia, a 23% increase in peak urinary flow rate and a 24% reduction in post-void residual volume. Tolerability was comparable to placebo.
The honest limitations worth noting: the Cochrane meta-analysis dates back to 2002, and several of the included studies were small in size and short in duration. An updated review would be desirable. Nevertheless, based on current knowledge, Pygeum remains one of the plants with the most favorable benefit-risk profile for prostate comfort.
Cochrane review of 18 randomized trials including 1,562 men, comparing Pygeum africanum to placebo in BPH. Men receiving Pygeum were twice as likely to report an overall improvement in their symptoms (RR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4–3.1). Nocturia was reduced by 19%, post-void residual volume by 24%, and peak urinary flow rate increased by 23%. Adverse effects were comparable to placebo.
Wilt T, Ishani A, Mac Donald R, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD001044. DOI : 10.1002/14651858.CD001044
Stinging nettle root (Urtica dioica radix)
Nettle root: a quality randomized trial, but an isolated one
Safarinejad 2005: significant effect in 620 men, but a single study Moderate evidence
The nettle root (Urtica dioica radix) is different from the nettle leaf, which has other traditional uses (remineralization, joints). For prostate health, it is exclusively the root that is studied. It contains lectins, polysaccharides, phytosterols, and a characteristic compound called scopoletin. Several mechanisms have been proposed: modulation of SHBG, partial inhibition of aromatase, effects on prostatic androgen receptors.
The Safarinejad 2005 study remains themost robust randomized controlled trial on nettle root: 620 patients, double-blind design, 6 months (with extension to 18 months). The results are clearly in favor of nettle across all criteria (IPSS, peak urinary flow rate, residual volume). No notable side effects were identified. The honest limitation : it is a single study, never replicated at this scale. This is what places the evidence at "moderate" rather than "strong."
Double-blind randomized trial versus placebo in 620 patients suffering from urinary symptoms related to BPH, duration 6 months with extension. The IPSS score in the Urtica dioica group decreased from 19.8 to 11.8, compared to 19.2 to 17.7 in the placebo group (statistically significant difference, p < 0.001). Peak urinary flow rate improved by 8.2 mL/s vs 3.4 mL/s. No significant side effects were identified.
Safarinejad MR. J Herb Pharmacother. 2005;5(4):1-11. PMID: 16635963
Pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo)
Pumpkin seeds: documented effect at high doses
GRANU study (Vahlensieck 2014) in 1,431 men, 12 months Moderate evidence
The seeds of Cucurbita pepo are rich in phytosterols (notably delta-7-sterols), in zinc, in essential fatty acids and cucurbitin. The German GRANU study by Vahlensieck 2014 compared three groups over 12 months: whole seeds (5 g 2x/day), seed extract (500 mg 2x/day) or placebo, in 1,431 men aged 50-80 with moderate urinary symptoms. The whole seeds group achieved a responder rate of 58.5% versus 47.3% for placebo (significant difference). Theconcentrated extract, on the other hand, did not show a significant benefit vs placebo.
This result suggests that the complete nutritional complex of the whole seed (fiber + phytosterols + zinc + fatty acids) is likely necessary to observe the effect, and that a simple concentrated extract may lose some of its activity. Note: the doses used in GRANU were high (10 g of whole seeds per day), well above what a standard dietary supplement contains.
Serenoa repens (dwarf palm / saw palmetto)
Serenoa repens: the star plant that disappoints as monotherapy
Cochrane 2023 (Franco): little to no effect alone, modest effect in combination Moderate evidence
The Serenoa repens (dwarf palm in French, saw palmetto in English) is a small palm tree native to the southeastern United States. Its berries contain fatty acids and phytosterols. The traditionally claimed mechanism of action is a partial inhibition of 5-alpha-reductase (the enzyme that converts testosterone into DHT, a hormone involved in prostate growth). It is one of the best-selling supplements in the world for prostate health, with dozens of published clinical trials.
The current scientific reality is, however, nuanced. The latest Cochrane meta-analysis (Franco 2023), based on 27 studies and 4,656 patients, concludes that Serenoa repens alone makes little to no difference compared to placebo on the IPSS score (mean difference -0.90 points, not clinically significant) and on quality of life (-0.20 points). This conclusion carries high certainty according to the GRADE methodology, meaning it is unlikely to be changed by future studies.
On the other hand, when Serenoa is combined with other herbal therapies, the same authors observe an IPSS reduction of 2.41 points vs. placebo, which becomes clinically meaningful. It is this nuance that justifies synergistic formulas rather than single-ingredient Serenoa supplements.
Updated 2023 Cochrane review of 27 randomized trials involving 4,656 men with BPH. Serenoa repens alone: mean IPSS difference of -0.90 points vs. placebo (95% CI -1.74 to -0.07, high certainty), with no clinically significant benefit. Serenoa repens in combination with other herbal therapies: mean IPSS difference of -2.41 points vs. placebo (low certainty), suggesting a modest but clinically perceptible benefit. Tolerability profile comparable to placebo in all cases.
Franco JV, Trivisonno L, Sgarbossa NJ, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;6(6):CD001423. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001423.pub4
Quercetin
Quercetin: a targeted anti-inflammatory flavonoid
Shoskes 1999: effect on chronic prostatitis, limited data on BPH Moderate evidence
The quercetin is a flavonoid found naturally in onions, apples, berries, and concentrated in the flowers of Sophora japonica (the source used in most supplements). It possesses well-established antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties , and is traditionally combined with bromelain to enhance intestinal absorption. For the prostate, its primary documented benefit concerns chronic prostatitis (category III, chronic pelvic pain syndrome) more than classic benign hyperplasia.
The pilot study by Shoskes 1999 (30 patients, 1 g/day for 1 month) showed a reduction in symptom score from 21.0 to 13.1 vs. 20.2 to 18.8 under placebo. Honest limitations : small sample size, short duration, doses used (1 g/day) higher than those found in most combination formulas. Nevertheless, quercetin remains a logical component of a comprehensive approach to prostate health, particularly for its systemic antioxidant action.
Small-flowered Willowherb (Epilobium parviflorum)
Willowherb: traditional European use, limited clinical evidence
Preclinical studies available, no reference human clinical trial Limited evidence
TheEpilobium parviflorum (small-flowered willowherb) is a European plant traditionally used for male urinary comfort. Its aerial parts contain flavonoids (myricitrin, miquelianin), tannins (oenothein B), and phenolic acids. Several preclinical studies (in vitro and in animal models) have demonstrated effects on prostatic cell proliferation and partial inhibition of 5-alpha-reductase.
Honest limitation : to our knowledge, no large-scale randomized human clinical trial has validated these effects on BPH. Its use is primarily based on traditional European herbal medicine and encouraging but clinically unconfirmed preclinical data. It is a coherent traditional component within a comprehensive formula, but does not on its own provide a demonstration of efficacy.
Maitake (Grifola frondosa)
Maitake: general adaptogen, questionable prostate indication
Immunomodulatory mushroom, no convincing clinical trial on BPH Limited evidence
The Grifola frondosa (maitake, "hen of the woods") is an edible mushroom rich in β-glucans, immunomodulatory polysaccharides. It is traditionally used in Chinese and Japanese traditional medicine as a general adaptogen and immune support. Preliminary research is exploring its potential role in glycemic regulation, lipid metabolism, and immunity.
Regarding the prostate specifically, we must be transparent: we have identified no convincing human clinical trial on BPH or urinary symptoms. A few in vitro studies on cancerous cell lines exist, but they do not validate the use of a dietary supplement for prostate comfort. Its value in a prostate formula is therefore based on its overall action as an adaptogen and immune support, and not on any prostate-specific demonstration. This is something we acknowledge in full transparency.
Why a synergistic formula makes sense (Cochrane 2023 evidence)
The hypothesis of complementary mechanisms
Each plant traditionally used for the prostate acts on different biological targets:
- Serenoa repens : partial inhibition of 5-alpha-reductase (reduction of testosterone → DHT conversion)
- Pygeum africanum : phytosterols, local anti-inflammatory action, partial inhibition of cell proliferation
- Nettle root : SHBG modulation, partial aromatase inhibition
- Pumpkin seeds : phytosterols (delta-7-sterols), zinc, essential fatty acids
- Willowherb : oenothein, partial inhibition of 5-alpha-reductase and aromatase (preclinical data)
- Quercetin : antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoid
- Maitake : β-glucans, systemic immunomodulation
This mechanistic diversity is the theoretical argument in favor of combination formulas: acting on multiple pathways simultaneously with more moderate individual doses rather than targeting a single pathway at a high dose.
The honest limitations of synergy
It is important to acknowledge a key limitation : very few clinical studies have tested the exact commercial formulas available on the market. Each combination is unique, and the evidence for the efficacy of any given formula is often based on individual studies of its constituent plants. This is a reality common to all multi-plant dietary supplements, and one that is worth acknowledging honestly.
Diet and lifestyle habits that support prostate health
Foods to prioritize daily
- Cooked tomato (tomato sauce, gazpacho, ratatouille): a source of lycopene, a carotenoid antioxidant consistently linked to prostate health in research studies
- Pumpkin seeds whole: rich in zinc, phytosterols and essential fatty acids
- Oily fish (salmon, sardine, mackerel, herring): EPA and DHA omega-3s
- Cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, kale): sulfur compounds, indole-3-carbinol
- Legumes : isoflavones, fiber, magnesium
- Brazil nuts : a remarkable source of selenium
- Green tea : catechins (EGCG) with antioxidant properties
To limit
- Excessive red meat and processed meats
- Ultra-processed foods high in sugars and saturated fatty acids
- Excess alcohol (urinary irritant)
- Coffee and strong tea in large quantities, especially in the evening (urinary irritants)
Overall lifestyle habits
- Regular physical activity : associated with better prostate health in several epidemiological studies
- Hydration : drink plenty throughout the day, reduce intake in the evening to limit nocturia
- Maintaining a healthy weight : excess weight is a well-known aggravating factor for BPH
- Stress management : chronic stress worsens urinary discomfort
- Regular medical monitoring from age 50 onwards (digital rectal exam, PSA testing as recommended)
Our approach with Prostalis: full transparency
Detailed composition and evidence summary
| Ingredient | Dose (2 capsules) | Level of evidence |
|---|---|---|
| African Plum (bark) | 300 mg | Strong evidence (Cochrane Wilt 2002) |
| Stinging Nettle (root) | 300 mg | Moderate evidence (Safarinejad 2005) |
| Serenoa repens (berry) | 160 mg | Moderate evidence in combination (Cochrane Franco 2023) |
| Pumpkin (seed) | 160 mg | Moderate evidence (Vahlensieck 2014) |
| Maitake (fruit) | 100 mg | Limited evidence on prostate, general adaptogen |
| Epilobium (aerial parts) | 100 mg | Limited evidence, traditional European use |
| Quercetin (Sophora japonica) | 100 mg | Moderate evidence on prostatitis (Shoskes 1999) |
What we honestly acknowledge
- The formula combines 3 plants with strong or moderate evidence (Pygeum, Stinging Nettle root, Pumpkin) and 4 complementary ingredients
- The plant parts used are the correct ones (nettle root, pumpkin seed, Pygeum bark, Serenoa berry)
- The synergistic approach is consistent with Cochrane 2023
- Acknowledged limitation: individual doses are sometimes lower than those used in certain studies (notably pumpkin seeds at 10 g/day in Vahlensieck vs. 160 mg here, and quercetin at 1 g/day in Shoskes vs. 100 mg here)
- Acknowledged limitation: no study has tested the exact Prostalis formula, as is the case for the vast majority of multi-plant supplements on the market
- Acknowledged limitation: the inclusion of Maitake is consistent with a general adaptogen approach, but is not supported by BPH-specific evidence
When to consult a doctor
Prompt consultation (within a few days)
- Presence of blood in urine or semen
- Intense pain during urination
- Inability to urinate (acute urinary retention)
- Fever with urinary symptoms
- Sudden onset of urinary blockage
Scheduled consultation (within a few weeks)
- Frequent urges to urinate that persist over time
- Repeated nighttime awakenings to urinate
- Sensation of incomplete bladder emptying
- Weak or hesitant urine stream
- Any urinary changes that have been present for more than a few weeks
- Routine check-up from age 50 onwards (BPH and prostate cancer screening per current guidelines)
Decision table: your profile
FAQ: your questions about the prostate
Are herbal remedies for the prostate really effective?
The answer is nuanced. According to the Cochrane meta-analysis by Franco et al. 2023, which analyzed 27 clinical trials involving 4,656 men, Serenoa repens (saw palmetto) alone provides little to no difference compared to placebo on urinary symptoms. The evidence is more encouraging for Pygeum africanum (Wilt 2002, Cochrane) and stinging nettle root (Safarinejad 2005). Combinations of multiple herbs appear slightly more effective than single-herb formulas, but the level of evidence remains modest.
What is the best herb for the prostate?
Based on the available scientific data, Pygeum africanum (African Plum Tree) has the strongest body of evidence, with a Cochrane meta-analysis (Wilt 2002) showing moderate improvement in urinary symptoms across 1,562 patients. Stinging nettle root also has a positive randomized trial (Safarinejad 2005, 620 patients). Serenoa repens, despite its popularity, shows disappointing results as a monotherapy according to Cochrane 2023.
Should herbs be taken alone or in combination?
Current scientific data, notably the Cochrane meta-analysis Franco 2023, suggest that combinations of multiple herbs (Serenoa repens + other phytotherapies) may slightly improve symptoms compared to placebo (IPSS reduction of -2.41 points), whereas Serenoa alone does not provide significant benefit. This synergistic rationale is consistent with traditional herbal medicine, but specific studies on each combination remain limited.
From what age should prostate health be a concern?
Age-related prostate changes primarily affect men from the age of 45–50. By age 60, approximately 50% of men present with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and this proportion rises to over 80% after age 80. A preventive approach (diet, physical activity, regular medical check-ups) can be put in place as early as one's forties.
What symptoms should prompt me to see a doctor?
Any persistent urinary symptom (frequent urges, weak stream, sensation of incomplete bladder emptying, marked nocturia, pain, presence of blood) warrants a medical consultation, ideally with a urologist. A dietary supplement in no way replaces a medical diagnosis, and prostate cancer screening should be discussed with your doctor in accordance with current guidelines.
Can dietary supplements replace medical treatment?
No. Herbal dietary supplements are intended to support prostate and urinary comfort, but they do not substitute for drug treatments (alpha-blockers, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors) or surgical intervention prescribed by a doctor for confirmed benign prostatic hyperplasia. They may potentially complement such treatments, but always with the agreement of the attending physician.
What are the side effects of herbs for the prostate?
Herbs traditionally used for the prostate (Pygeum, Serenoa, nettle, pumpkin) are generally well tolerated. Reported adverse effects are rare and mild: slight digestive discomfort, transient headaches. Important precaution: these herbs may interact with certain medications (anticoagulants, hormonal treatments), and their use should be monitored in men already undergoing prostate treatment.
What diet is beneficial for the prostate?
Several nutrients are regularly studied for their benefits on prostate health: lycopene (cooked tomatoes), zinc (pumpkin seeds, seafood, meat), omega-3s (fatty fish), antioxidants (green vegetables, berries). The Mediterranean diet is associated with better prostate health in several epidemiological studies. Good hydration and regular physical activity complement the approach.
How long should herbs for the prostate be taken?
Clinical studies generally use durations of 3 to 12 months (Vahlensieck 2014 on pumpkin seeds: 12 months; Safarinejad 2005 on nettle: 6 months). To assess any potential benefit, it is generally recommended to continue a course for at least 8 to 12 weeks before evaluating its effect. If no improvement is felt after this period, it is advisable to reassess the approach with a healthcare professional.
What should we make of supplements combining Serenoa, Pygeum, and nettle?
This is the most common approach in modern dietary supplements targeting the prostate, and it is consistent with the conclusion of Cochrane 2023, which found that herbal combinations may be slightly more effective than Serenoa monotherapy. Nevertheless, as each formula is unique, few clinical trials have tested the exact combinations found in commercial products. The rationale is based on the theoretical complementarity of the mechanisms of action of each herb.
Is saw palmetto the same thing as dwarf palm?
Yes, these are two names referring to the same plant: Serenoa repens (scientific name). 'Saw palmetto' is the English name, 'palmier nain' the common French name. It is a small palm tree native to the southeastern United States, whose berries have been used in herbal medicine since the early 20th century for male prostate comfort.
What is the difference between stinging nettle root and leaf?
This is an essential distinction. Nettle root (Urtica dioica radix) is the part traditionally used for prostate and urinary comfort, and it is the part that has been studied in clinical trials such as Safarinejad 2005. Nettle leaf has other traditional uses (remineralization, joint anti-inflammatory) but does not act specifically on the prostate. Always check which part of the plant is used in your supplement's formula.
Does stress worsen prostate symptoms?
Chronic stress can indeed worsen urinary and prostate discomfort by increasing pelvic muscle tension and disrupting the autonomic nervous system. A holistic approach to well-being (stress management, quality sleep, regular physical activity) is regularly recommended alongside any targeted approach.
Why doesn't your article claim that any given product cures enlargement?
Because that is the scientific truth. No dietary supplement cures benign prostatic hyperplasia, and French regulations (DGCCRF) strictly prohibit therapeutic claims on dietary supplements. Our role is to inform you honestly about what studies show, within their limitations, so you can make an informed choice. Our goal is your long-term well-being, not an immediate sale based on false promises.
What dosage of prostate herbs should I take?
The doses used in clinical studies vary depending on the herb: 100 to 200 mg/day of Pygeum extract, 320 mg/day of Serenoa, 600–1200 mg/day of nettle root, up to 10 g/day of whole pumpkin seeds. In combination formulas, individual doses are often more moderate as the herbs work synergistically. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions and do not exceed the recommended doses.
- BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)
- A non-cancerous increase in prostate volume, common after the age of 50. Also called prostatic adenoma. To be distinguished from prostate cancer, which is an entirely different condition.
- IPSS (International Prostate Symptom Score)
- A standardized international 7-question questionnaire assessing the severity of prostate-related urinary symptoms. Total score from 0 to 35. Mild: 0–7. Moderate: 8–19. Severe: 20–35. Used as the primary evaluation criterion in clinical studies.
- DHT (Dihydrotestosterone)
- An androgenic hormone produced from testosterone by the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase. Plays a key role in prostate growth with age. The target of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor medications (finasteride, dutasteride).
- 5-alpha-reductase
- An enzyme that converts testosterone into DHT. Its modulation is one of the mechanisms sought in prostate herbal medicine (Serenoa, willowherb).
- Nocturia
- The need to urinate at night, interrupting sleep. A common symptom of BPH, often particularly disruptive to quality of life.
- Phytosterols
- Plant-derived sterols (notably β-sitosterol) found in several plants used for prostate health (Pygeum, pumpkin seeds). Proposed mechanism: modulation of prostatic hormone receptors.
- Cochrane Meta-analysis
- A type of systematic literature review considered the highest level of scientific evidence. Cochrane reviews follow a strict and independent methodology to evaluate all available clinical trials on a given question.
- Franco JV, Trivisonno L, Sgarbossa NJ, Alvez GA, Fieiras C, Escobar Liquitay CM, Jung JH. Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023;6(6):CD001423. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001423.pub4
- Wilt T, Ishani A, Mac Donald R, Rutks I, Stark G. Pygeum africanum for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2002;(1):CD001044. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001044
- Safarinejad MR. Urtica dioica for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy. 2005;5(4):1-11. PMID : 16635963
- Vahlensieck W, Theurer C, Pfitzer E, Patz B, Banik N, Engelmann U. Effects of pumpkin seed in men with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia in the one-year, randomized, placebo-controlled GRANU study. Urologia Internationalis. 2014;94(3):286-295. DOI : 10.1159/000362903
- Allkanjari O, Vitalone A. What do we know about phytotherapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia? Life Sciences. 2015;126:42-56. DOI : 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.01.023
- Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI, Shahed A, Rajfer J. Quercetin in men with category III chronic prostatitis: a preliminary prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 1999;54(6):960-963.
